| 总结: | For more than a century, lichens have been used as an example of dual-partner symbiosis. Recently, this has been challenged by the discovery of various basidiomycetous yeasts that coexist in multiple lichen species, among which <i>Cladonia</i> lichens from Europe and the United States were discovered to be highly specifically associated with the basidiomycetous yeast of the family <i>Microsporomycetaceae</i>. To verify this highly specific relationship, we investigated the diversity of basidiomycetous yeasts associated with <i>Cladonia rei</i>, a widely distributed lichen in Japan, by applying two approaches: yeast isolation from the lichen thalli and meta-barcoding analysis. We obtained 42 cultures of Cystobasidiomycetous yeast which were grouped into six lineages within the family <i>Microsporomycetaceae</i>. Unexpectedly, although the <i>cystobasidiomycetes</i>-specific primer was used, not only the cystobasidiomycetous yeasts but species from other classes were also detected via the meta-barcoding dataset; in particular, pucciniomycetous yeasts were found at a high frequency in some samples. Further, <i>Halobasidium xiangyangense</i>, which was detected in every sample with high abundance, is highly likely a generalist epiphytic fungus that has the ability to associate with <i>C. rei</i>. In the pucciniomycetous group, most of the detected species belong to the scale insect-associated yeast <i>Septobasidium</i> genus. In conclusion, even though <i>Microsporomyces</i> species are not the only yeast group associated with <i>Cladonia</i> lichen, our study demonstrated that the thalli of <i>Cladonia rei</i> lichen could be a suitable habit for them.
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