Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives
Abstract Recent decades have seen an alarming increase in the incidence of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (CGA) while noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (NCGA) has decreased. In 2012, 260 000 CGA cases (age‐standardised rate (ASR); 3.3/100 000) and 691 000 NCGA cases (ASR; 8.8/100 000) were reported wo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Cancer Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2497 |
| _version_ | 1811196003823386624 |
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| author | Esmat Abdi Saeid Latifi‐Navid Saber Zahri Abbas Yazdanbod Farhad Pourfarzi |
| author_facet | Esmat Abdi Saeid Latifi‐Navid Saber Zahri Abbas Yazdanbod Farhad Pourfarzi |
| author_sort | Esmat Abdi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Recent decades have seen an alarming increase in the incidence of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (CGA) while noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (NCGA) has decreased. In 2012, 260 000 CGA cases (age‐standardised rate (ASR); 3.3/100 000) and 691 000 NCGA cases (ASR; 8.8/100 000) were reported worldwide. Compared with women, men had greater rates for both the subsites, especially for CGA. Recently, four molecular subtypes of GC have been proposed by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG); however, these classifications do not take into account predisposing germline variants and their possible interaction with somatic alterations in carcinogenesis. The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is not known. It is thought that CGA is distinct from adenocarcinomas located in the esophagus or distal stomach, both epidemiologically and biologically. Moreover, CGA is often identified in the advanced stage having a poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the risk and the role of predisposing factors in etiology of CGA can inform clinical practice and counseling for risk reduction. In this paper, we showed that GC family history, lifestyle, demographics, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and multiple genetic and epigenetic risk factors as well as several predisposing conditions may underlie susceptibility to CGA. However, several genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) should be conducted to identify novel high‐penetrance genes and pathways as well as causal germline variants predisposing to CGA. They must include different ethnic groups, especially from high‐incidence countries for CGA, because some risk loci are ancestry‐specific. In parallel, statistical methods can be developed to identify cancer predisposition genes (CPGs) from tumor sequencing data. It is also necessary to find novel long noncoding RNAs related to the risk of CGA. Taken altogether, new cancer risk prediction models, including all genetic and nongenetic factors influencing risk, should be developed to facilitate risk assessment, disease prevention, and early diagnosis and intervention of CGA in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T00:51:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9c91ef37ecc649ba93a52b26ce5389e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-7634 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T00:51:47Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancer Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-9c91ef37ecc649ba93a52b26ce5389e82022-12-22T03:54:43ZengWileyCancer Medicine2045-76342019-10-018136114612610.1002/cam4.2497Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectivesEsmat Abdi0Saeid Latifi‐Navid1Saber Zahri2Abbas Yazdanbod3Farhad Pourfarzi4Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil IranDepartment of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil IranDepartment of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil IranDigestive Diseases Research Center Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil IranDigestive Diseases Research Center Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil IranAbstract Recent decades have seen an alarming increase in the incidence of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (CGA) while noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (NCGA) has decreased. In 2012, 260 000 CGA cases (age‐standardised rate (ASR); 3.3/100 000) and 691 000 NCGA cases (ASR; 8.8/100 000) were reported worldwide. Compared with women, men had greater rates for both the subsites, especially for CGA. Recently, four molecular subtypes of GC have been proposed by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG); however, these classifications do not take into account predisposing germline variants and their possible interaction with somatic alterations in carcinogenesis. The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is not known. It is thought that CGA is distinct from adenocarcinomas located in the esophagus or distal stomach, both epidemiologically and biologically. Moreover, CGA is often identified in the advanced stage having a poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the risk and the role of predisposing factors in etiology of CGA can inform clinical practice and counseling for risk reduction. In this paper, we showed that GC family history, lifestyle, demographics, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and multiple genetic and epigenetic risk factors as well as several predisposing conditions may underlie susceptibility to CGA. However, several genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) should be conducted to identify novel high‐penetrance genes and pathways as well as causal germline variants predisposing to CGA. They must include different ethnic groups, especially from high‐incidence countries for CGA, because some risk loci are ancestry‐specific. In parallel, statistical methods can be developed to identify cancer predisposition genes (CPGs) from tumor sequencing data. It is also necessary to find novel long noncoding RNAs related to the risk of CGA. Taken altogether, new cancer risk prediction models, including all genetic and nongenetic factors influencing risk, should be developed to facilitate risk assessment, disease prevention, and early diagnosis and intervention of CGA in the future.https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2497cardia gastric adenocarcinomaHelicobacter pyloririsk biomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Esmat Abdi Saeid Latifi‐Navid Saber Zahri Abbas Yazdanbod Farhad Pourfarzi Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives Cancer Medicine cardia gastric adenocarcinoma Helicobacter pylori risk biomarkers |
| title | Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives |
| title_full | Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives |
| title_short | Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives |
| title_sort | risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma insights and new perspectives |
| topic | cardia gastric adenocarcinoma Helicobacter pylori risk biomarkers |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2497 |
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