| Summary: | Following a tentative identification of main achievements and lessons that can be drawn up from ICZM experiences around the world, the article assess the ICZM framework capacity in making synergies between complementary approaches like the sustainable fishery management and its ecosystem-based approach, the conservation of biodiversity and the use of marine protected areas, the reduction of land-based pollution, the water management and beyond the watershed management, and disaster and risk management particularly those concerning natural hazards and climate change on the long run. The conclusion is that ICZM is at the cross-road and should facilitate the coherent implementation of these diverse frameworks and processes within specific area boundaries. In such a process, governance and reliable knowledge are considered as the two in-dissociable pillars of ICZM. A number of questions and related recommendations are made towards the effective utilization of reliable knowledge for the benefit of governance systems and their adaptive capacity. After more than four decades of ICZM practice, it is observed that one of the main enabling conditions lies with the national and/or local political will ensuring the long-term provision of the needed financial and human resources.
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