Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography
While previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG) for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), most of them have been performed using exogenous paradigms in offline environments. To verify the reliable feasibility of constructing ear-E...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.842635/full |
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| author | Soo-In Choi Ji-Yoon Lee Ji-Yoon Lee Ki Moo Lim Ki Moo Lim Han-Jeong Hwang Han-Jeong Hwang |
| author_facet | Soo-In Choi Ji-Yoon Lee Ji-Yoon Lee Ki Moo Lim Ki Moo Lim Han-Jeong Hwang Han-Jeong Hwang |
| author_sort | Soo-In Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | While previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG) for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), most of them have been performed using exogenous paradigms in offline environments. To verify the reliable feasibility of constructing ear-EEG-based BCIs, the feasibility of using ear-EEG should be further demonstrated using another BCI paradigm, namely the endogenous paradigm, in real-time online environments. Exogenous and endogenous BCIs are to use the EEG evoked by external stimuli and induced by self-modulation, respectively. In this study, we investigated whether an endogenous ear-EEG-based BCI with reasonable performance can be implemented in online environments that mimic real-world scenarios. To this end, we used three different mental tasks, i.e., mental arithmetic, word association, and mental singing, and performed BCI experiments with fourteen subjects on three different days to investigate not only the reliability of a real-time endogenous ear-EEG-based BCI, but also its test-retest reliability. The mean online classification accuracy was almost 70%, which was equivalent to a marginal accuracy for a practical two-class BCI (70%), demonstrating the feasibility of using ear-EEG for the development of real-time endogenous BCIs, but further studies should follow to improve its performance enough to be used for practical ear-EEG-based BCI applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T08:19:00Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-453X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T08:19:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-9cf5c75d732f44859628fca9f0c037202022-12-21T23:54:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2022-03-011610.3389/fnins.2022.842635842635Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-ElectroencephalographySoo-In Choi0Ji-Yoon Lee1Ji-Yoon Lee2Ki Moo Lim3Ki Moo Lim4Han-Jeong Hwang5Han-Jeong Hwang6Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South KoreaDepartment of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong City, South KoreaInterdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong City, South KoreaDepartment of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South KoreaDepartment of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South KoreaDepartment of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong City, South KoreaInterdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong City, South KoreaWhile previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG) for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), most of them have been performed using exogenous paradigms in offline environments. To verify the reliable feasibility of constructing ear-EEG-based BCIs, the feasibility of using ear-EEG should be further demonstrated using another BCI paradigm, namely the endogenous paradigm, in real-time online environments. Exogenous and endogenous BCIs are to use the EEG evoked by external stimuli and induced by self-modulation, respectively. In this study, we investigated whether an endogenous ear-EEG-based BCI with reasonable performance can be implemented in online environments that mimic real-world scenarios. To this end, we used three different mental tasks, i.e., mental arithmetic, word association, and mental singing, and performed BCI experiments with fourteen subjects on three different days to investigate not only the reliability of a real-time endogenous ear-EEG-based BCI, but also its test-retest reliability. The mean online classification accuracy was almost 70%, which was equivalent to a marginal accuracy for a practical two-class BCI (70%), demonstrating the feasibility of using ear-EEG for the development of real-time endogenous BCIs, but further studies should follow to improve its performance enough to be used for practical ear-EEG-based BCI applications.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.842635/fullelectroencephalography (EEG)ear-EEGbrain-computer interface (BCI)endogenous BCItest-retest reliability |
| spellingShingle | Soo-In Choi Ji-Yoon Lee Ji-Yoon Lee Ki Moo Lim Ki Moo Lim Han-Jeong Hwang Han-Jeong Hwang Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography Frontiers in Neuroscience electroencephalography (EEG) ear-EEG brain-computer interface (BCI) endogenous BCI test-retest reliability |
| title | Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography |
| title_full | Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography |
| title_short | Evaluation of Real-Time Endogenous Brain-Computer Interface Developed Using Ear-Electroencephalography |
| title_sort | evaluation of real time endogenous brain computer interface developed using ear electroencephalography |
| topic | electroencephalography (EEG) ear-EEG brain-computer interface (BCI) endogenous BCI test-retest reliability |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.842635/full |
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