Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies
Mucormycosis in patients who have COVID-19 or who are otherwise immunocompromised has become a global problem, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Infection is debilitating and fatal, leading to loss of organs and emotional trauma. Radiographic manifestations are not specific, but diagnosis...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/9/1079 |
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| author | Ram Kumar Sahu Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit Bedanta Bhattacharjee Yosif Almoshari Abu Md Ashif Ikbal Meshal Alshamrani Alakesh Bharali Ahmad Salawi Retno Widyowati Abdulrahman Alshammari Ibrahim Elbagory |
| author_facet | Ram Kumar Sahu Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit Bedanta Bhattacharjee Yosif Almoshari Abu Md Ashif Ikbal Meshal Alshamrani Alakesh Bharali Ahmad Salawi Retno Widyowati Abdulrahman Alshammari Ibrahim Elbagory |
| author_sort | Ram Kumar Sahu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mucormycosis in patients who have COVID-19 or who are otherwise immunocompromised has become a global problem, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Infection is debilitating and fatal, leading to loss of organs and emotional trauma. Radiographic manifestations are not specific, but diagnosis can be made through microscopic examination of materials collected from necrotic lesions. Treatment requires multidisciplinary expertise, as the fungus enters through the eyes and nose and may even reach the brain. Use of the many antifungal drugs available is limited by considerations of resistance and toxicity, but nanoparticles can overcome such limitations by reducing toxicity and increasing bioavailability. The lipid formulation of amphotericin-B (liposomal Am-B) is the first-line treatment for mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients, but its high cost and low availability have prompted a shift toward surgery, so that surgical debridement to remove all necrotic lesions remains the hallmark of effective treatment of mucormycosis in COVID-19. This review highlights the pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and management of mucormycosis in patients who have COVID-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:57:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9d01fb13e9e843e3b0b657bc3be611ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:57:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9d01fb13e9e843e3b0b657bc3be611ea2023-11-22T11:45:56ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822021-09-01109107910.3390/antibiotics10091079Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management StrategiesRam Kumar Sahu0Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit1Bedanta Bhattacharjee2Yosif Almoshari3Abu Md Ashif Ikbal4Meshal Alshamrani5Alakesh Bharali6Ahmad Salawi7Retno Widyowati8Abdulrahman Alshammari9Ibrahim Elbagory10Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar 799022, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Azara, Hatkhowapara, Guwahati 781017, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi ArabiaMucormycosis in patients who have COVID-19 or who are otherwise immunocompromised has become a global problem, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Infection is debilitating and fatal, leading to loss of organs and emotional trauma. Radiographic manifestations are not specific, but diagnosis can be made through microscopic examination of materials collected from necrotic lesions. Treatment requires multidisciplinary expertise, as the fungus enters through the eyes and nose and may even reach the brain. Use of the many antifungal drugs available is limited by considerations of resistance and toxicity, but nanoparticles can overcome such limitations by reducing toxicity and increasing bioavailability. The lipid formulation of amphotericin-B (liposomal Am-B) is the first-line treatment for mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients, but its high cost and low availability have prompted a shift toward surgery, so that surgical debridement to remove all necrotic lesions remains the hallmark of effective treatment of mucormycosis in COVID-19. This review highlights the pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and management of mucormycosis in patients who have COVID-19.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/9/1079COVID-19mucormycosisnanoparticlespathogenesisamphotericin-B |
| spellingShingle | Ram Kumar Sahu Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit Bedanta Bhattacharjee Yosif Almoshari Abu Md Ashif Ikbal Meshal Alshamrani Alakesh Bharali Ahmad Salawi Retno Widyowati Abdulrahman Alshammari Ibrahim Elbagory Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies Antibiotics COVID-19 mucormycosis nanoparticles pathogenesis amphotericin-B |
| title | Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies |
| title_full | Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies |
| title_short | Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients: Insight into Its Patho-Genesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Management Strategies |
| title_sort | mucormycosis in indian covid 19 patients insight into its patho genesis clinical manifestation and management strategies |
| topic | COVID-19 mucormycosis nanoparticles pathogenesis amphotericin-B |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/9/1079 |
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