Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties
This work aims to show the impact of the allowed chemical composition range of AISI 316L stainless steel on its processability in additive manufacturing and on the resulting part properties. ASTM A276 allows the chromium and nickel contents in 316L stainless steel to be set between 16 and 18 mass%,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/15/4074 |
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| author | Felix Großwendt Louis Becker Arne Röttger Abootorab Baqerzadeh Chehreh Anna Luise Strauch Volker Uhlenwinkel Jonathan Lentz Frank Walther Rainer Fechte-Heinen Sebastian Weber Werner Theisen |
| author_facet | Felix Großwendt Louis Becker Arne Röttger Abootorab Baqerzadeh Chehreh Anna Luise Strauch Volker Uhlenwinkel Jonathan Lentz Frank Walther Rainer Fechte-Heinen Sebastian Weber Werner Theisen |
| author_sort | Felix Großwendt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work aims to show the impact of the allowed chemical composition range of AISI 316L stainless steel on its processability in additive manufacturing and on the resulting part properties. ASTM A276 allows the chromium and nickel contents in 316L stainless steel to be set between 16 and 18 mass%, respectively, 10 and 14 mass%. Nevertheless, the allowed compositional range impacts the microstructure formation in additive manufacturing and thus the properties of the manufactured components. Therefore, this influence is analyzed using three different starting powders. Two starting powders are laboratory alloys, one containing the maximum allowed chromium content and the other one containing the maximum nickel content. The third material is a commercial powder with the chemical composition set in the middle ground of the allowed compositional range. The materials were processed by laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M). The powder characteristics, the microstructure and defect formation, the corrosion resistance, and the mechanical properties were investigated as a function of the chemical composition of the powders used. As a main result, solid-state cracking could be observed in samples additively manufactured from the starting powder containing the maximum nickel content. This is related to a fully austenitic solidification, which occurs because of the low chromium to nickel equivalent ratio. These cracks reduce the corrosion resistance as well as the elongation at fracture of the additively manufactured material that possesses a low chromium to nickel equivalent ratio of 1.0. A limitation of the nickel equivalent of the 316L type steel is suggested for PBF-LB/M production. Based on the knowledge obtained, a more detailed specification of the chemical composition of the type 316L stainless steel is recommended so that this steel can be PBF-LB/M processed to defect-free components with the desired mechanical and chemical properties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:13:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9d620352cd13480e9a315f40ef50b02d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:13:10Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-9d620352cd13480e9a315f40ef50b02d2023-11-22T05:51:20ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-07-011415407410.3390/ma14154074Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material PropertiesFelix Großwendt0Louis Becker1Arne Röttger2Abootorab Baqerzadeh Chehreh3Anna Luise Strauch4Volker Uhlenwinkel5Jonathan Lentz6Frank Walther7Rainer Fechte-Heinen8Sebastian Weber9Werner Theisen10Chair of Materials Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyChair of Materials Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyChair of New Manufacturing Technologies and Materials, University of Wuppertal, 42651 Solingen, GermanyDepartment of Materials Test Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Materials Engineering—IWT, 28359 Bremen, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Materials Engineering—IWT, 28359 Bremen, GermanyChair of Materials Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyDepartment of Materials Test Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Materials Engineering—IWT, 28359 Bremen, GermanyChair of Materials Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyChair of Materials Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyThis work aims to show the impact of the allowed chemical composition range of AISI 316L stainless steel on its processability in additive manufacturing and on the resulting part properties. ASTM A276 allows the chromium and nickel contents in 316L stainless steel to be set between 16 and 18 mass%, respectively, 10 and 14 mass%. Nevertheless, the allowed compositional range impacts the microstructure formation in additive manufacturing and thus the properties of the manufactured components. Therefore, this influence is analyzed using three different starting powders. Two starting powders are laboratory alloys, one containing the maximum allowed chromium content and the other one containing the maximum nickel content. The third material is a commercial powder with the chemical composition set in the middle ground of the allowed compositional range. The materials were processed by laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M). The powder characteristics, the microstructure and defect formation, the corrosion resistance, and the mechanical properties were investigated as a function of the chemical composition of the powders used. As a main result, solid-state cracking could be observed in samples additively manufactured from the starting powder containing the maximum nickel content. This is related to a fully austenitic solidification, which occurs because of the low chromium to nickel equivalent ratio. These cracks reduce the corrosion resistance as well as the elongation at fracture of the additively manufactured material that possesses a low chromium to nickel equivalent ratio of 1.0. A limitation of the nickel equivalent of the 316L type steel is suggested for PBF-LB/M production. Based on the knowledge obtained, a more detailed specification of the chemical composition of the type 316L stainless steel is recommended so that this steel can be PBF-LB/M processed to defect-free components with the desired mechanical and chemical properties.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/15/4074additive manufacturingpowder bed fusion-laser beam/metal (PBF-LB/M)stainless steel (316L)microstructuresolid-state cracking |
| spellingShingle | Felix Großwendt Louis Becker Arne Röttger Abootorab Baqerzadeh Chehreh Anna Luise Strauch Volker Uhlenwinkel Jonathan Lentz Frank Walther Rainer Fechte-Heinen Sebastian Weber Werner Theisen Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties Materials additive manufacturing powder bed fusion-laser beam/metal (PBF-LB/M) stainless steel (316L) microstructure solid-state cracking |
| title | Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties |
| title_full | Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties |
| title_fullStr | Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties |
| title_short | Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties |
| title_sort | impact of the allowed compositional range of additively manufactured 316l stainless steel on processability and material properties |
| topic | additive manufacturing powder bed fusion-laser beam/metal (PBF-LB/M) stainless steel (316L) microstructure solid-state cracking |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/15/4074 |
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