Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives
Background: Each year 604,127 new cases of cervical cancer (CC) are diagnosed, and 341,831 individuals die from the disease. It is the fourth most common cancer among women and the fourth most common cause of death from female cancers worldwide. The pathogenesis of CC is associated with human papill...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Healthcare |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/7/1325 |
| _version_ | 1797406184211218432 |
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| author | Patryk Poniewierza Grzegorz Panek |
| author_facet | Patryk Poniewierza Grzegorz Panek |
| author_sort | Patryk Poniewierza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Each year 604,127 new cases of cervical cancer (CC) are diagnosed, and 341,831 individuals die from the disease. It is the fourth most common cancer among women and the fourth most common cause of death from female cancers worldwide. The pathogenesis of CC is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and consists of several steps involving cell proliferation outside the human body’s control mechanisms. Strategies to prevent CC are based on screening and vaccination. Scope of the Review: The aim of this paper was to collect and analyze the available literature on the issue of CC prevention and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its implementation. For this purpose, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using keywords, such as “cervical cancer”; “HPV”; “prevention”; “prophylaxis”; “vaccination”; “screening” and “COVID-19” in different variations. Only articles published since 2018 were included in the study. Conclusions: Selected European countries have different CC prevention programs funded by national budgets. This translates into observed differences in the risk of death from CC (age-standardized rate Malta = 1.1, Poland = 5.9). COVID-19 pandemic due to disruption of CC screening may exacerbate these differences in the future. To improve the situation, new screening methods, such as p16/Ki67, HPV self-testing, and the use of artificial intelligence in colposcopic assessment, should be disseminated, as well as free HPV vaccination programs implemented in all countries. The search for new solutions is not without significance and entails ultra-sensitive screening tests for risk groups (mRNA E6/E7, SOX1/SOX14), HPV vaccines with shorter dosing schedules, and new therapeutic pathways using nanotheranostics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:22:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9d8d35252a294de1b1b81f9ddce8b870 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9032 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:22:41Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Healthcare |
| spelling | doaj.art-9d8d35252a294de1b1b81f9ddce8b8702023-12-03T15:07:47ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322022-07-01107132510.3390/healthcare10071325Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and PerspectivesPatryk Poniewierza0Grzegorz Panek1Medicover SP ZOO Company, Aleje Jerozolimskie 96, 00-807 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Oncologic Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416 Warsaw, PolandBackground: Each year 604,127 new cases of cervical cancer (CC) are diagnosed, and 341,831 individuals die from the disease. It is the fourth most common cancer among women and the fourth most common cause of death from female cancers worldwide. The pathogenesis of CC is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and consists of several steps involving cell proliferation outside the human body’s control mechanisms. Strategies to prevent CC are based on screening and vaccination. Scope of the Review: The aim of this paper was to collect and analyze the available literature on the issue of CC prevention and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its implementation. For this purpose, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using keywords, such as “cervical cancer”; “HPV”; “prevention”; “prophylaxis”; “vaccination”; “screening” and “COVID-19” in different variations. Only articles published since 2018 were included in the study. Conclusions: Selected European countries have different CC prevention programs funded by national budgets. This translates into observed differences in the risk of death from CC (age-standardized rate Malta = 1.1, Poland = 5.9). COVID-19 pandemic due to disruption of CC screening may exacerbate these differences in the future. To improve the situation, new screening methods, such as p16/Ki67, HPV self-testing, and the use of artificial intelligence in colposcopic assessment, should be disseminated, as well as free HPV vaccination programs implemented in all countries. The search for new solutions is not without significance and entails ultra-sensitive screening tests for risk groups (mRNA E6/E7, SOX1/SOX14), HPV vaccines with shorter dosing schedules, and new therapeutic pathways using nanotheranostics.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/7/1325cervical cancerpreventionscreeningvaccinationHPVCOVID-19 |
| spellingShingle | Patryk Poniewierza Grzegorz Panek Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives Healthcare cervical cancer prevention screening vaccination HPV COVID-19 |
| title | Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives |
| title_full | Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives |
| title_short | Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives |
| title_sort | cervical cancer prophylaxis state of the art and perspectives |
| topic | cervical cancer prevention screening vaccination HPV COVID-19 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/7/1325 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT patrykponiewierza cervicalcancerprophylaxisstateoftheartandperspectives AT grzegorzpanek cervicalcancerprophylaxisstateoftheartandperspectives |