COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe’s attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide colla...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15415 |
| _version_ | 1797463017562046464 |
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| author | Haneen Imad Abufares Leen Oyoun Alsoud Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah Mohd Shara Nelson C. Soares Karem H. Alzoubi Waseem El-Huneidi Yasser Bustanji Sameh S. M. Soliman Mohammad H. Semreen |
| author_facet | Haneen Imad Abufares Leen Oyoun Alsoud Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah Mohd Shara Nelson C. Soares Karem H. Alzoubi Waseem El-Huneidi Yasser Bustanji Sameh S. M. Soliman Mohammad H. Semreen |
| author_sort | Haneen Imad Abufares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe’s attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide collaborative effort was made to find an efficient strategy to overcome and develop vaccines. The new vaccines provide an effective immune response that safeguards the community from the virus’ severity. WHO has approved nine vaccines for emergency use based on safety and efficacy data collected from various conducted clinical trials. Herein, we review the safety and effectiveness of the WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines and associated immune responses, and their impact on improving the public’s health. Several immunological studies have demonstrated that vaccination dramatically enhances the immune response and reduces the likelihood of future infections in previously infected individuals. However, the type of vaccination and individual health status can significantly affect immune responses. Exposure of healthy individuals to adenovirus vectors or mRNA vaccines causes the early production of antibodies from B and T cells. On the other hand, unhealthy individuals were more likely to experience harmful events due to relapses in their existing conditions. Taken together, aligning with the proper vaccination to a patient’s case can result in better outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:44:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9da9729c5b97480fba5af87e4b2c8924 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:44:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-9da9729c5b97480fba5af87e4b2c89242023-11-24T11:18:41ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0123231541510.3390/ijms232315415COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune ResponsesHaneen Imad Abufares0Leen Oyoun Alsoud1Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah2Mohd Shara3Nelson C. Soares4Karem H. Alzoubi5Waseem El-Huneidi6Yasser Bustanji7Sameh S. M. Soliman8Mohammad H. Semreen9College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesSharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesSharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesThe COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe’s attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide collaborative effort was made to find an efficient strategy to overcome and develop vaccines. The new vaccines provide an effective immune response that safeguards the community from the virus’ severity. WHO has approved nine vaccines for emergency use based on safety and efficacy data collected from various conducted clinical trials. Herein, we review the safety and effectiveness of the WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines and associated immune responses, and their impact on improving the public’s health. Several immunological studies have demonstrated that vaccination dramatically enhances the immune response and reduces the likelihood of future infections in previously infected individuals. However, the type of vaccination and individual health status can significantly affect immune responses. Exposure of healthy individuals to adenovirus vectors or mRNA vaccines causes the early production of antibodies from B and T cells. On the other hand, unhealthy individuals were more likely to experience harmful events due to relapses in their existing conditions. Taken together, aligning with the proper vaccination to a patient’s case can result in better outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15415SARS-CoV-2COVID-19vaccineseffectivenessimmune responses |
| spellingShingle | Haneen Imad Abufares Leen Oyoun Alsoud Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah Mohd Shara Nelson C. Soares Karem H. Alzoubi Waseem El-Huneidi Yasser Bustanji Sameh S. M. Soliman Mohammad H. Semreen COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses International Journal of Molecular Sciences SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness immune responses |
| title | COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses |
| title_full | COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses |
| title_short | COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses |
| title_sort | covid 19 vaccines effectiveness and immune responses |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness immune responses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15415 |
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