Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia
Abstract Background Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. Methods This randomized-controlled tr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2024-03-01
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| Series: | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1 |
| _version_ | 1797247146977656832 |
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| author | Erich Hohenauer G Bianchi V Wellauer W Taube R Clijsen |
| author_facet | Erich Hohenauer G Bianchi V Wellauer W Taube R Clijsen |
| author_sort | Erich Hohenauer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. Methods This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. Results SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. Trial registration NCT04902924, May 26th 2021. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T19:54:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9db4356399fe4b04a93a0c18bf536fae |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2052-1847 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T19:54:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| spelling | doaj.art-9db4356399fe4b04a93a0c18bf536fae2024-03-24T12:28:59ZengBMCBMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation2052-18472024-03-0116111310.1186/s13102-024-00861-1Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxiaErich Hohenauer0G Bianchi1V Wellauer2W Taube3R Clijsen4RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern SwitzerlandRESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern SwitzerlandRESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern SwitzerlandUniversity of FribourgRESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern SwitzerlandAbstract Background Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. Methods This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. Results SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. Trial registration NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1HypoxiaExerciseTrainingMuscle damageRecovery |
| spellingShingle | Erich Hohenauer G Bianchi V Wellauer W Taube R Clijsen Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation Hypoxia Exercise Training Muscle damage Recovery |
| title | Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia |
| title_full | Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia |
| title_fullStr | Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia |
| title_short | Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia |
| title_sort | acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia |
| topic | Hypoxia Exercise Training Muscle damage Recovery |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1 |
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