Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer
The refractive index structure constant (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2951 |
| _version_ | 1797482620281421824 |
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| author | Pu Jiang Jinlong Yuan Kenan Wu Lu Wang Haiyun Xia |
| author_facet | Pu Jiang Jinlong Yuan Kenan Wu Lu Wang Haiyun Xia |
| author_sort | Pu Jiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The refractive index structure constant (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) is a key parameter used in describing the influence of turbulence on laser transmissions in the atmosphere. Three different methods for estimating <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were analyzed in detail. A new method that uses a combination of these methods for continuous <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> profiling with both high temporal and spatial resolution is proposed and demonstrated. Under the assumption of the Kolmogorov “2/3 law”, the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> profile can be calculated by using the wind field and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (TKEDR) measured by coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) and other meteorological parameters derived from a microwave radiometer (MWR). In a horizontal experiment, a comparison between the results from our new method and measurements made by a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) is conducted. The correlation coefficient, mean error, and standard deviation between them in a six-day observation are 0.8073, 8.18 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>−2/3</sup> and 1.27 × 10<sup>−15</sup> m<sup>−2/3</sup>, respectively. In the vertical direction, the continuous profiling results of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and other turbulence parameters with high resolution in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are retrieved. In addition, the limitation and uncertainty of this method under different circumstances were analyzed, which shows that the relative error of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimation normally does not exceed 30% under the convective boundary layer (CBL). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:58Z |
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| id | doaj.art-9dbb72fe592f4188bd9e7d8860cefc66 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:58Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dbb72fe592f4188bd9e7d8860cefc662023-11-23T18:49:25ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-06-011412295110.3390/rs14122951Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave RadiometerPu Jiang0Jinlong Yuan1Kenan Wu2Lu Wang3Haiyun Xia4School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaSchool of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaSchool of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaSchool of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaSchool of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaThe refractive index structure constant (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) is a key parameter used in describing the influence of turbulence on laser transmissions in the atmosphere. Three different methods for estimating <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were analyzed in detail. A new method that uses a combination of these methods for continuous <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> profiling with both high temporal and spatial resolution is proposed and demonstrated. Under the assumption of the Kolmogorov “2/3 law”, the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> profile can be calculated by using the wind field and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (TKEDR) measured by coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) and other meteorological parameters derived from a microwave radiometer (MWR). In a horizontal experiment, a comparison between the results from our new method and measurements made by a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) is conducted. The correlation coefficient, mean error, and standard deviation between them in a six-day observation are 0.8073, 8.18 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>−2/3</sup> and 1.27 × 10<sup>−15</sup> m<sup>−2/3</sup>, respectively. In the vertical direction, the continuous profiling results of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and other turbulence parameters with high resolution in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are retrieved. In addition, the limitation and uncertainty of this method under different circumstances were analyzed, which shows that the relative error of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimation normally does not exceed 30% under the convective boundary layer (CBL).https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2951atmospheric turbulencecoherent Doppler wind lidarmicrowave radiometerturbulent kinetic energy dissipation ratebuoyancy termRichardson number |
| spellingShingle | Pu Jiang Jinlong Yuan Kenan Wu Lu Wang Haiyun Xia Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer Remote Sensing atmospheric turbulence coherent Doppler wind lidar microwave radiometer turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate buoyancy term Richardson number |
| title | Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer |
| title_full | Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer |
| title_fullStr | Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer |
| title_short | Turbulence Detection in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Microwave Radiometer |
| title_sort | turbulence detection in the atmospheric boundary layer using coherent doppler wind lidar and microwave radiometer |
| topic | atmospheric turbulence coherent Doppler wind lidar microwave radiometer turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate buoyancy term Richardson number |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2951 |
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