Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review
Abstract Background To unravel true links between diet and health, it is important that dietary exposure is accurately measured. Currently, mainly self-reporting methods (e.g. food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recalls) are used to assess food intake in epidemiological studies. However, these tr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2018-07-01
|
| Series: | Genes & Nutrition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12263-018-0610-x |
| _version_ | 1819120100040507392 |
|---|---|
| author | Charlotte C. J. R. Michielsen Enrique Almanza-Aguilera Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma Mireia Urpi-Sarda Lydia A. Afman |
| author_facet | Charlotte C. J. R. Michielsen Enrique Almanza-Aguilera Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma Mireia Urpi-Sarda Lydia A. Afman |
| author_sort | Charlotte C. J. R. Michielsen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background To unravel true links between diet and health, it is important that dietary exposure is accurately measured. Currently, mainly self-reporting methods (e.g. food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recalls) are used to assess food intake in epidemiological studies. However, these traditional instruments are subjective measures and contain well-known biases. Especially, estimating the intake of the group of confectionary products, such as products containing cocoa and liquorice, remains a challenge. The use biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) may provide a more objective measurement. However, an overview of current candidate biomarkers and their validity is missing for both cocoa- and liquorice-containing foods. Objective The purpose of the current study was to (1) identify currently described candidate BFIs for cocoa (products) and liquorice, (2) to evaluate the validity of these identified candidate BFIs and (3) to address further validation and/or identification work to be done. Methods This systematic review was based on a comprehensive literature search of three databases (PubMed, Scopus and ISI web of Science), to identify candidate BFIs. Via a second search step in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), the Food Database (FooDB) and Phenol-Explorer, the specificity of the candidate BFIs was evaluated, followed by an evaluation of the validity of the specific candidate BFIs, via pre-defined criteria. Results In total, 37 papers were included for cocoa and 8 papers for liquorice. For cocoa, 164 unique candidate BFIs were obtained, and for liquorice, four were identified in total. Despite the high number of identified BFIs for cocoa, none of the metabolites was specific. Therefore, the validity of these compounds was not further examined. For liquorice intake, 18-glycyrrhetinic acid (18-GA) was found to have the highest assumed validity. Conclusions For cocoa, specific BFIs were missing, mainly because the individual BFIs were also found in foods having a similar composition, such as tea (polyphenols) or coffee (caffeine). However, a combination of individual BFIs might lead to discriminating profiles between cocoa (products) and foods with a similar composition. Therefore, studies directly comparing the consumption of cocoa to these similar products are needed, enabling efforts to find a unique profile per product. For liquorice, we identified 18-GA as a promising BFI; however, important information on its validity is missing; thus, more research is necessary. Our findings indicate a need for more studies to determine acceptable BFIs for both cocoa and liquorice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T06:15:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9dc720413239432f8f3beedd78419e0c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1555-8932 1865-3499 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T06:15:17Z |
| publishDate | 2018-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes & Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dc720413239432f8f3beedd78419e0c2022-12-21T18:36:07ZengBMCGenes & Nutrition1555-89321865-34992018-07-0113111310.1186/s12263-018-0610-xBiomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic reviewCharlotte C. J. R. Michielsen0Enrique Almanza-Aguilera1Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma2Mireia Urpi-Sarda3Lydia A. Afman4Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research CentreDepartment of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research CentreDepartment of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research CentreAbstract Background To unravel true links between diet and health, it is important that dietary exposure is accurately measured. Currently, mainly self-reporting methods (e.g. food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recalls) are used to assess food intake in epidemiological studies. However, these traditional instruments are subjective measures and contain well-known biases. Especially, estimating the intake of the group of confectionary products, such as products containing cocoa and liquorice, remains a challenge. The use biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) may provide a more objective measurement. However, an overview of current candidate biomarkers and their validity is missing for both cocoa- and liquorice-containing foods. Objective The purpose of the current study was to (1) identify currently described candidate BFIs for cocoa (products) and liquorice, (2) to evaluate the validity of these identified candidate BFIs and (3) to address further validation and/or identification work to be done. Methods This systematic review was based on a comprehensive literature search of three databases (PubMed, Scopus and ISI web of Science), to identify candidate BFIs. Via a second search step in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), the Food Database (FooDB) and Phenol-Explorer, the specificity of the candidate BFIs was evaluated, followed by an evaluation of the validity of the specific candidate BFIs, via pre-defined criteria. Results In total, 37 papers were included for cocoa and 8 papers for liquorice. For cocoa, 164 unique candidate BFIs were obtained, and for liquorice, four were identified in total. Despite the high number of identified BFIs for cocoa, none of the metabolites was specific. Therefore, the validity of these compounds was not further examined. For liquorice intake, 18-glycyrrhetinic acid (18-GA) was found to have the highest assumed validity. Conclusions For cocoa, specific BFIs were missing, mainly because the individual BFIs were also found in foods having a similar composition, such as tea (polyphenols) or coffee (caffeine). However, a combination of individual BFIs might lead to discriminating profiles between cocoa (products) and foods with a similar composition. Therefore, studies directly comparing the consumption of cocoa to these similar products are needed, enabling efforts to find a unique profile per product. For liquorice, we identified 18-GA as a promising BFI; however, important information on its validity is missing; thus, more research is necessary. Our findings indicate a need for more studies to determine acceptable BFIs for both cocoa and liquorice.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12263-018-0610-xLicoriceLiquoriceCocoaCacaoChocolateMetabolites |
| spellingShingle | Charlotte C. J. R. Michielsen Enrique Almanza-Aguilera Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma Mireia Urpi-Sarda Lydia A. Afman Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review Genes & Nutrition Licorice Liquorice Cocoa Cacao Chocolate Metabolites |
| title | Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review |
| title_full | Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review |
| title_fullStr | Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review |
| title_short | Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review |
| title_sort | biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice products a systematic review |
| topic | Licorice Liquorice Cocoa Cacao Chocolate Metabolites |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12263-018-0610-x |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT charlottecjrmichielsen biomarkersoffoodintakeforcocoaandliquoriceproductsasystematicreview AT enriquealmanzaaguilera biomarkersoffoodintakeforcocoaandliquoriceproductsasystematicreview AT elskembrouwerbrolsma biomarkersoffoodintakeforcocoaandliquoriceproductsasystematicreview AT mireiaurpisarda biomarkersoffoodintakeforcocoaandliquoriceproductsasystematicreview AT lydiaaafman biomarkersoffoodintakeforcocoaandliquoriceproductsasystematicreview |