Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera
Postural disorders, their prevention, and therapies are still growing modern problems. The currently used diagnostic methods are questionable due to the exposure to side effects (radiological methods) as well as being time-consuming and subjective (manual methods). Although the computer-aided diagno...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6425 |
| _version_ | 1797515793030709248 |
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| author | Daniel Ledwoń Marta Danch-Wierzchowska Marcin Bugdol Karol Bibrowicz Tomasz Szurmik Andrzej Myśliwiec Andrzej W. Mitas |
| author_facet | Daniel Ledwoń Marta Danch-Wierzchowska Marcin Bugdol Karol Bibrowicz Tomasz Szurmik Andrzej Myśliwiec Andrzej W. Mitas |
| author_sort | Daniel Ledwoń |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Postural disorders, their prevention, and therapies are still growing modern problems. The currently used diagnostic methods are questionable due to the exposure to side effects (radiological methods) as well as being time-consuming and subjective (manual methods). Although the computer-aided diagnosis of posture disorders is well developed, there is still the need to improve existing solutions, search for new measurement methods, and create new algorithms for data processing. Based on point clouds from a Time-of-Flight camera, the presented method allows a non-contact, real-time detection of anatomical landmarks on the subject’s back and, thus, an objective determination of trunk surface metrics. Based on a comparison of the obtained results with the evaluation of three independent experts, the accuracy of the obtained results was confirmed. The average distance between the expert indications and method results for all landmarks was 27.73 mm. A direct comparison showed that the compared differences were statically significantly different; however, the effect was negligible. Compared with other automatic anatomical landmark detection methods, ours has a similar accuracy with the possibility of real-time analysis. The advantages of the presented method are non-invasiveness, non-contact, and the possibility of continuous observation, also during exercise. The proposed solution is another step in the general trend of objectivization in physiotherapeutic diagnostics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:52:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9dc99ef3915f47049558e85ccd4a6df9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:52:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dc99ef3915f47049558e85ccd4a6df92023-11-22T16:45:55ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-09-012119642510.3390/s21196425Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight CameraDaniel Ledwoń0Marta Danch-Wierzchowska1Marcin Bugdol2Karol Bibrowicz3Tomasz Szurmik4Andrzej Myśliwiec5Andrzej W. Mitas6Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, PolandFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, PolandFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, PolandScience and Research Center of Body Posture, College of Education and Therapy in Poznań, 61-473 Poznań, PolandFaculty of Arts and Educational Science, University of Silesia, 43-400 Cieszyn, PolandLaboratory of Physiotherapy and Physioprevention, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, PolandFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, PolandPostural disorders, their prevention, and therapies are still growing modern problems. The currently used diagnostic methods are questionable due to the exposure to side effects (radiological methods) as well as being time-consuming and subjective (manual methods). Although the computer-aided diagnosis of posture disorders is well developed, there is still the need to improve existing solutions, search for new measurement methods, and create new algorithms for data processing. Based on point clouds from a Time-of-Flight camera, the presented method allows a non-contact, real-time detection of anatomical landmarks on the subject’s back and, thus, an objective determination of trunk surface metrics. Based on a comparison of the obtained results with the evaluation of three independent experts, the accuracy of the obtained results was confirmed. The average distance between the expert indications and method results for all landmarks was 27.73 mm. A direct comparison showed that the compared differences were statically significantly different; however, the effect was negligible. Compared with other automatic anatomical landmark detection methods, ours has a similar accuracy with the possibility of real-time analysis. The advantages of the presented method are non-invasiveness, non-contact, and the possibility of continuous observation, also during exercise. The proposed solution is another step in the general trend of objectivization in physiotherapeutic diagnostics.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6425anatomical landmarksreal-time detectiontrunk surface metricsphysiotherapypoint cloud |
| spellingShingle | Daniel Ledwoń Marta Danch-Wierzchowska Marcin Bugdol Karol Bibrowicz Tomasz Szurmik Andrzej Myśliwiec Andrzej W. Mitas Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera Sensors anatomical landmarks real-time detection trunk surface metrics physiotherapy point cloud |
| title | Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera |
| title_full | Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera |
| title_fullStr | Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera |
| title_full_unstemmed | Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera |
| title_short | Real-Time Back Surface Landmark Determination Using a Time-of-Flight Camera |
| title_sort | real time back surface landmark determination using a time of flight camera |
| topic | anatomical landmarks real-time detection trunk surface metrics physiotherapy point cloud |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6425 |
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