Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves
There is considerable confusion as to how best describe the components of the arterial valves. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that similar uncertainties apply to concepts for their development. In this review, we describe the anatomy of the arterial valves as seen in the postnatal heart. We sug...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2014-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/1/3/177 |
| _version_ | 1811342724799922176 |
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| author | Robert H. Anderson Timothy J. Mohun Diane E. Spicer Simon D. Bamforth Nigel A. Brown Bill Chaudhry Deborah J. Henderson |
| author_facet | Robert H. Anderson Timothy J. Mohun Diane E. Spicer Simon D. Bamforth Nigel A. Brown Bill Chaudhry Deborah J. Henderson |
| author_sort | Robert H. Anderson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is considerable confusion as to how best describe the components of the arterial valves. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that similar uncertainties apply to concepts for their development. In this review, we describe the anatomy of the arterial valves as seen in the postnatal heart. We suggest that their working components are best described as leaflets, housed in supporting arterial sinuses. The roots surrounding the leaflets, which are hinged in semilunar fashion, can then be defined as extending from a virtual ring at their base to the sinutubular junction. We also discuss the problems related to definition of the valvar “annulus”. Understanding the development of the arterial roots, which are formed in the central part of the embryonic outflow tract, is facilitated by considering the outflow tract itself as possessing three components, as opposed to the traditional “conus” and “truncus”. These three parts can be described as being distal, intermediate, and proximal. The distal part is separated to form the intrapericardial arterial trunks, while the proximal part becomes the ventricular outflow tracts. It is the intermediate component that houses the developing arterial valves, and their supporting valvar sinuses. The distal parts of the cushions that separate the outflow tract into aortic and pulmonary components, along with the intercalated cushions, excavate to form the leaflets. The walls of the sinuses are formed by growth of non-myocardial tissues from the heart-forming area. We then show how these features can be used to interpret the anatomy and development of congenitally malformed arterial valves. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T19:15:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9dd0681366b643b9b1d0b73f59ad535c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2308-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T19:15:48Z |
| publishDate | 2014-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dd0681366b643b9b1d0b73f59ad535c2022-12-22T02:33:40ZengMDPI AGJournal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease2308-34252014-09-011317720010.3390/jcdd1030177jcdd1030177Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial ValvesRobert H. Anderson0Timothy J. Mohun1Diane E. Spicer2Simon D. Bamforth3Nigel A. Brown4Bill Chaudhry5Deborah J. Henderson6Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UKDivision of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UKDepartment of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USAInstitute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UKDivision of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University, London SW17 0RE, UKInstitute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UKInstitute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UKThere is considerable confusion as to how best describe the components of the arterial valves. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that similar uncertainties apply to concepts for their development. In this review, we describe the anatomy of the arterial valves as seen in the postnatal heart. We suggest that their working components are best described as leaflets, housed in supporting arterial sinuses. The roots surrounding the leaflets, which are hinged in semilunar fashion, can then be defined as extending from a virtual ring at their base to the sinutubular junction. We also discuss the problems related to definition of the valvar “annulus”. Understanding the development of the arterial roots, which are formed in the central part of the embryonic outflow tract, is facilitated by considering the outflow tract itself as possessing three components, as opposed to the traditional “conus” and “truncus”. These three parts can be described as being distal, intermediate, and proximal. The distal part is separated to form the intrapericardial arterial trunks, while the proximal part becomes the ventricular outflow tracts. It is the intermediate component that houses the developing arterial valves, and their supporting valvar sinuses. The distal parts of the cushions that separate the outflow tract into aortic and pulmonary components, along with the intercalated cushions, excavate to form the leaflets. The walls of the sinuses are formed by growth of non-myocardial tissues from the heart-forming area. We then show how these features can be used to interpret the anatomy and development of congenitally malformed arterial valves.http://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/1/3/177semilunar valvesaortic valvepulmonary valvecommon arterial trunkannulusleaflets |
| spellingShingle | Robert H. Anderson Timothy J. Mohun Diane E. Spicer Simon D. Bamforth Nigel A. Brown Bill Chaudhry Deborah J. Henderson Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease semilunar valves aortic valve pulmonary valve common arterial trunk annulus leaflets |
| title | Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves |
| title_full | Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves |
| title_fullStr | Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves |
| title_short | Myths and Realities Relating to Development of the Arterial Valves |
| title_sort | myths and realities relating to development of the arterial valves |
| topic | semilunar valves aortic valve pulmonary valve common arterial trunk annulus leaflets |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/1/3/177 |
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