Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method
A banknote is a currency issued by a country, and it was first introduced in the 16th century. The counterfeiting of banknotes by cunning criminals became a great challenge with the current advanced technology. Forensic scientists are using chemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| author | Nurfarhana Hassan Tahir Ahmad Naji Arafat Mahat Hasmerya Maarof Mujahid Abdullahi Nur Farah Dina Ajid Zarith Sofia Jasmi Foo Keat How |
| author_facet | Nurfarhana Hassan Tahir Ahmad Naji Arafat Mahat Hasmerya Maarof Mujahid Abdullahi Nur Farah Dina Ajid Zarith Sofia Jasmi Foo Keat How |
| author_sort | Nurfarhana Hassan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A banknote is a currency issued by a country, and it was first introduced in the 16th century. The counterfeiting of banknotes by cunning criminals became a great challenge with the current advanced technology. Forensic scientists are using chemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for differentiating genuine and counterfeit banknotes. However, the FTIR spectra of banknotes may require further pattern recognition analysis due to their high similarities. In this paper, a fuzzy graph-based algorithm for authentication of the FTIR spectrum, namely chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS), is used to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit hundred Ringgit Malaysian (RM100) banknotes. The results show that the genuine and counterfeit RM100 banknotes have slightly distinct patterns when analyzed using c-FACS. In addition, the results are compared with RM50 banknotes, and the results reveal that the nodes or dominant axis varies between the two banknotes. To verify the reliability of the results, the results obtained via c-FACS are compared with principal component analysis (PCA). The c-FACS showed better performances as compared to PCA in terms of time consumption and observation. Thus, the c-FACS has the ability to assist forensic investigations involving banknote counterfeiting crimes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:28:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9dd89ceec7824726b9e7553b7dbce377 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:28:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dd89ceec7824726b9e7553b7dbce3772023-11-16T21:57:01ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902023-02-01114100210.3390/math11041002Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph MethodNurfarhana Hassan0Tahir Ahmad1Naji Arafat Mahat2Hasmerya Maarof3Mujahid Abdullahi4Nur Farah Dina Ajid5Zarith Sofia Jasmi6Foo Keat How7Mathematical Sciences Studies, College of Computing, Informatics, and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Segamat 85000, MalaysiaDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, MalaysiaDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, MalaysiaDepartment of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Segamat 85000, MalaysiaCrime Investigation Department, Sentul District Police Headquarters, Royal Malaysia Police, Kuala Lumpur 51200, MalaysiaA banknote is a currency issued by a country, and it was first introduced in the 16th century. The counterfeiting of banknotes by cunning criminals became a great challenge with the current advanced technology. Forensic scientists are using chemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for differentiating genuine and counterfeit banknotes. However, the FTIR spectra of banknotes may require further pattern recognition analysis due to their high similarities. In this paper, a fuzzy graph-based algorithm for authentication of the FTIR spectrum, namely chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS), is used to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit hundred Ringgit Malaysian (RM100) banknotes. The results show that the genuine and counterfeit RM100 banknotes have slightly distinct patterns when analyzed using c-FACS. In addition, the results are compared with RM50 banknotes, and the results reveal that the nodes or dominant axis varies between the two banknotes. To verify the reliability of the results, the results obtained via c-FACS are compared with principal component analysis (PCA). The c-FACS showed better performances as compared to PCA in terms of time consumption and observation. Thus, the c-FACS has the ability to assist forensic investigations involving banknote counterfeiting crimes.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/4/1002graphmodelingauthenticationbanknotesforensic sciences |
| spellingShingle | Nurfarhana Hassan Tahir Ahmad Naji Arafat Mahat Hasmerya Maarof Mujahid Abdullahi Nur Farah Dina Ajid Zarith Sofia Jasmi Foo Keat How Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method Mathematics graph modeling authentication banknotes forensic sciences |
| title | Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method |
| title_full | Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method |
| title_fullStr | Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method |
| title_short | Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method |
| title_sort | authentication of counterfeit hundred ringgit malaysian banknotes using fuzzy graph method |
| topic | graph modeling authentication banknotes forensic sciences |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/4/1002 |
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