Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis
We examined whether energy and macronutrient intake from different meals was associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in children. CMR score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z-scores of waist circumference, the average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, hig...
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/3/799 |
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| author | Xianwen Shang Yanping Li Haiquan Xu Qian Zhang Ailing Liu Songming Du Guansheng Ma |
| author_facet | Xianwen Shang Yanping Li Haiquan Xu Qian Zhang Ailing Liu Songming Du Guansheng Ma |
| author_sort | Xianwen Shang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We examined whether energy and macronutrient intake from different meals was associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in children. CMR score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z-scores of waist circumference, the average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (multiplying by −1), and triglycerides. We included 5517 children aged 6−13 years from six major cities in China. Five meal patterns were identified according to energy intake: balanced, breakfast dominant, lunch dominant, dinner dominant, and snack dominant patterns. These patterns were not significantly associated with changes in CMR factors. Carbohydrate intake (% energy) at lunch was positively associated with the change in CMRS (beta coefficient (95% CI): (0.777 (0.509, 1.046) in quintile 5 versus quintile 1). A positive association between carbohydrate intake at dinner and change in CMRS was observed. High protein intake at both lunch and dinner was associated with a favorable change in CMRS. Moderate fat intake at lunch was associated with a lower increase in CMRS. Meal patterns driven by energy were not significantly associated with CMR factors; however, a low carbohydrate-high protein-moderate fat lunch and low carbohydrate-high protein dinner were associated with favorable changes in CMRS in children. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T07:15:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ddc68c68d684e899beddd3583d2457c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T07:15:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ddc68c68d684e899beddd3583d2457c2022-12-22T03:42:30ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-03-0112379910.3390/nu12030799nu12030799Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal AnalysisXianwen Shang0Yanping Li1Haiquan Xu2Qian Zhang3Ailing Liu4Songming Du5Guansheng Ma6School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, AustraliaDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USAInstitute of food and nutrition development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, ChinaChinese Nutrition Society, Beijing 100022, ChinaDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, ChinaWe examined whether energy and macronutrient intake from different meals was associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in children. CMR score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z-scores of waist circumference, the average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (multiplying by −1), and triglycerides. We included 5517 children aged 6−13 years from six major cities in China. Five meal patterns were identified according to energy intake: balanced, breakfast dominant, lunch dominant, dinner dominant, and snack dominant patterns. These patterns were not significantly associated with changes in CMR factors. Carbohydrate intake (% energy) at lunch was positively associated with the change in CMRS (beta coefficient (95% CI): (0.777 (0.509, 1.046) in quintile 5 versus quintile 1). A positive association between carbohydrate intake at dinner and change in CMRS was observed. High protein intake at both lunch and dinner was associated with a favorable change in CMRS. Moderate fat intake at lunch was associated with a lower increase in CMRS. Meal patterns driven by energy were not significantly associated with CMR factors; however, a low carbohydrate-high protein-moderate fat lunch and low carbohydrate-high protein dinner were associated with favorable changes in CMRS in children.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/3/799meal patternenergycarbohydrateproteinfatcardiometabolic risk factors |
| spellingShingle | Xianwen Shang Yanping Li Haiquan Xu Qian Zhang Ailing Liu Songming Du Guansheng Ma Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis Nutrients meal pattern energy carbohydrate protein fat cardiometabolic risk factors |
| title | Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis |
| title_full | Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis |
| title_short | Meal Patterns and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis |
| title_sort | meal patterns and changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in children a longitudinal analysis |
| topic | meal pattern energy carbohydrate protein fat cardiometabolic risk factors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/3/799 |
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