(–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans
The purpose of the study was to determine if cycling exercise combined with (–)-epicatechin supplementation was more effective at increasing training adaptations than cycling combined with a placebo. Blood and muscle samples were obtained at rest before and after training to determine the effects of...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2018.00132/full |
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| author | Neil A. Schwarz Zachary J. Blahnik Srihari Prahadeeswaran Sarah K. McKinley-Barnard Shelley L. Holden Andy Waldhelm |
| author_facet | Neil A. Schwarz Zachary J. Blahnik Srihari Prahadeeswaran Sarah K. McKinley-Barnard Shelley L. Holden Andy Waldhelm |
| author_sort | Neil A. Schwarz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The purpose of the study was to determine if cycling exercise combined with (–)-epicatechin supplementation was more effective at increasing training adaptations than cycling combined with a placebo. Blood and muscle samples were obtained at rest before and after training to determine the effects of (–)-epicatechin supplementation on total serum antioxidant capacity, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein content, and skeletal muscle myostatin gene expression. Participants (n = 20) completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of cycle training, with supplementation of 100 mg (200 mg total daily) of (–)-epicatechin or a placebo, twice daily. Data were analyzed using a two-way mixed model ANOVA for each variable and the alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase was observed for time for relative peak anaerobic power (p < 0.01), relative anaerobic capacity (p < 0.01), and fatigue index (p < 0.01). A significant increase was observed for time for absolute peak VO2 (p < 0.01) and peak power output obtained during the peak VO2 test (p < 0.01). A significant interaction between group and time for relative peak VO2 was observed (p = 0.04). Relative peak VO2 significantly increased over time in the placebo group (p < 0.01), but not in the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.21). A significant increase was observed for time for total serum antioxidant capacity (p = 0.01). No interaction or main effect of time was observed for myostatin (p > 0.05). Likewise, no interaction or main effect of time was observed for cytochrome C or citrate synthase (p > 0.05). A significant interaction effect was observed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; p = 0.02). SDH content increased significantly for the placebo group (p = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.59), but not for the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.81). Further, whereas no difference existed between the groups for SDH at baseline (p = 0.23), SDH content was significantly greater in the placebo group at the post time point (p = 0.01). Results indicate that (–)-epicatechin supplementation does not affect myostatin gene expression or anaerobic training adaptations but inhibits aerobic and mitochondrial SDH adaptations to cycle exercise training. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T06:38:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9de7e8f61d4b4bb5b8120a7aaab8d5f1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T06:38:36Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-9de7e8f61d4b4bb5b8120a7aaab8d5f12022-12-21T17:56:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2018-12-01510.3389/fnut.2018.00132435003(–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in HumansNeil A. Schwarz0Zachary J. Blahnik1Srihari Prahadeeswaran2Sarah K. McKinley-Barnard3Shelley L. Holden4Andy Waldhelm5Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United StatesDepartment of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United StatesDepartment of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United StatesDepartment of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United StatesDepartment of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United StatesDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United StatesThe purpose of the study was to determine if cycling exercise combined with (–)-epicatechin supplementation was more effective at increasing training adaptations than cycling combined with a placebo. Blood and muscle samples were obtained at rest before and after training to determine the effects of (–)-epicatechin supplementation on total serum antioxidant capacity, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein content, and skeletal muscle myostatin gene expression. Participants (n = 20) completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of cycle training, with supplementation of 100 mg (200 mg total daily) of (–)-epicatechin or a placebo, twice daily. Data were analyzed using a two-way mixed model ANOVA for each variable and the alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase was observed for time for relative peak anaerobic power (p < 0.01), relative anaerobic capacity (p < 0.01), and fatigue index (p < 0.01). A significant increase was observed for time for absolute peak VO2 (p < 0.01) and peak power output obtained during the peak VO2 test (p < 0.01). A significant interaction between group and time for relative peak VO2 was observed (p = 0.04). Relative peak VO2 significantly increased over time in the placebo group (p < 0.01), but not in the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.21). A significant increase was observed for time for total serum antioxidant capacity (p = 0.01). No interaction or main effect of time was observed for myostatin (p > 0.05). Likewise, no interaction or main effect of time was observed for cytochrome C or citrate synthase (p > 0.05). A significant interaction effect was observed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; p = 0.02). SDH content increased significantly for the placebo group (p = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.59), but not for the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.81). Further, whereas no difference existed between the groups for SDH at baseline (p = 0.23), SDH content was significantly greater in the placebo group at the post time point (p = 0.01). Results indicate that (–)-epicatechin supplementation does not affect myostatin gene expression or anaerobic training adaptations but inhibits aerobic and mitochondrial SDH adaptations to cycle exercise training.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2018.00132/fullmyostatinsuccinate dehydrogenaseoxygen consumption (VO2)polyphenolsflavanolscocoa extract |
| spellingShingle | Neil A. Schwarz Zachary J. Blahnik Srihari Prahadeeswaran Sarah K. McKinley-Barnard Shelley L. Holden Andy Waldhelm (–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans Frontiers in Nutrition myostatin succinate dehydrogenase oxygen consumption (VO2) polyphenols flavanols cocoa extract |
| title | (–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans |
| title_full | (–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans |
| title_fullStr | (–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | (–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans |
| title_short | (–)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans |
| title_sort | epicatechin supplementation inhibits aerobic adaptations to cycling exercise in humans |
| topic | myostatin succinate dehydrogenase oxygen consumption (VO2) polyphenols flavanols cocoa extract |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2018.00132/full |
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