Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause diarrhoea. Human faeces are an important source of Cryptosporidium in surface waters. We present a model to study the impact of sanitation, urbanization and population growth on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters. We build on a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2015-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental Research Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094017 |
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| author | Lucie C Vermeulen Jelske de Kraker Nynke Hofstra Carolien Kroeze Gertjan Medema |
| author_facet | Lucie C Vermeulen Jelske de Kraker Nynke Hofstra Carolien Kroeze Gertjan Medema |
| author_sort | Lucie C Vermeulen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause diarrhoea. Human faeces are an important source of Cryptosporidium in surface waters. We present a model to study the impact of sanitation, urbanization and population growth on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters. We build on a global model by Hofstra et al (2013 Sci. Total Environ. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.013 442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.013 ) and zoom into Bangladesh and India as illustrative case studies. The model is most sensitive to changes in oocyst excretion and infection rate, and to assumptions on the share of faeces reaching the surface water for different sanitation types. We find urban centres to be hotspots of human Cryptosporidium emissions. We estimate that 53% (Bangladesh) and 91% (India) of total emissions come from urban areas. 50% of oocysts come from only 8% (Bangladesh) and 3% (India) of the country area. In the future, population growth and urbanization may further deteriorate water quality in Bangladesh and India, despite improved sanitation. Under our ‘business as usual’ (‘sanitation improvements’) scenario, oocyst emissions will increase by a factor 2.0 (1.2) for India and 2.9 (1.1) for Bangladesh between 2010 and 2050. Population growth, urbanization and sanitation development are important processes to consider for large scale water quality modelling. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T16:08:41Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1748-9326 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T16:08:41Z |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | Environmental Research Letters |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dec31a833034645936cb2a5582352fe2023-08-09T14:13:45ZengIOP PublishingEnvironmental Research Letters1748-93262015-01-0110909401710.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094017Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and IndiaLucie C Vermeulen0Jelske de Kraker1Nynke Hofstra2Carolien Kroeze3Gertjan Medema4Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University , PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsEnvironmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University , PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsEnvironmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University , PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsEnvironmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University , PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University , Heerlen, The NetherlandsFaculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology , Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The NetherlandsCryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause diarrhoea. Human faeces are an important source of Cryptosporidium in surface waters. We present a model to study the impact of sanitation, urbanization and population growth on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters. We build on a global model by Hofstra et al (2013 Sci. Total Environ. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.013 442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.013 ) and zoom into Bangladesh and India as illustrative case studies. The model is most sensitive to changes in oocyst excretion and infection rate, and to assumptions on the share of faeces reaching the surface water for different sanitation types. We find urban centres to be hotspots of human Cryptosporidium emissions. We estimate that 53% (Bangladesh) and 91% (India) of total emissions come from urban areas. 50% of oocysts come from only 8% (Bangladesh) and 3% (India) of the country area. In the future, population growth and urbanization may further deteriorate water quality in Bangladesh and India, despite improved sanitation. Under our ‘business as usual’ (‘sanitation improvements’) scenario, oocyst emissions will increase by a factor 2.0 (1.2) for India and 2.9 (1.1) for Bangladesh between 2010 and 2050. Population growth, urbanization and sanitation development are important processes to consider for large scale water quality modelling.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094017water pollutionwater qualitymodelCryptosporidiumscenario analysissensitivity analysis |
| spellingShingle | Lucie C Vermeulen Jelske de Kraker Nynke Hofstra Carolien Kroeze Gertjan Medema Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India Environmental Research Letters water pollution water quality model Cryptosporidium scenario analysis sensitivity analysis |
| title | Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India |
| title_full | Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India |
| title_fullStr | Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India |
| title_short | Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters—a case study for Bangladesh and India |
| title_sort | modelling the impact of sanitation population growth and urbanization on human emissions of cryptosporidium to surface waters a case study for bangladesh and india |
| topic | water pollution water quality model Cryptosporidium scenario analysis sensitivity analysis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094017 |
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