Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are highly susceptible to TB infection and progression to active TB disease. This stud...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Infection and Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034121002707 |
| _version_ | 1819021971992608768 |
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| author | Majid A. Darraj Ahmed A. Abdulhaq Abuobaida Yassin Sultan Mubarki Heba M. Shalaby Yoav Keynan Khalid Y. Ghailan Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi |
| author_facet | Majid A. Darraj Ahmed A. Abdulhaq Abuobaida Yassin Sultan Mubarki Heba M. Shalaby Yoav Keynan Khalid Y. Ghailan Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi |
| author_sort | Majid A. Darraj |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are highly susceptible to TB infection and progression to active TB disease. This study aims to determine the proportion and risk factors of TB among PLWHA in Jazan Region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected individuals attending the main referral hospital in Jazan Region during the period 2017–2019. The participants’ TB status, CD4+ lymphocyte count, and viral load were assessed. In addition, their demographic and clinical information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 316 HIV-positive individuals aged between 13 and 81 years (75% male and 25% female) were enrolled in this study. Of them, 30 (9.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2, 10.6%) were diagnosed with TB: 46.7% (14/30) had pulmonary TB and 53.3% (16/30) had extrapulmonary TB. The highest proportion of TB-positive PLWHA was found among participants aged 18–30 years (11.6%) and among non-Saudis (14.0%) when compared to other age groups and Saudi participants (7.4%). Multivariate analysis showed that male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.79; 95% CI = 1.22, 18.74), past medical history (PMH) of TB (AOR = 29.67; 95% CI = 5.31, 164.32), PMH of other RTIs (AOR = 5.86; 95 % CI = 2.14, 16.06), CD4+ lymphocyte count of <200 cells/mm³ (AOR = 4.33; 95% CI = 1.65, 11.36), and viral load of ≥1 × 103 copies/mL (AOR = 5.46; 95% CI = 2.02, 14.77) were the significant risk factors of TB among the studied PLWHA. Conclusion: The prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection among the studied population was 9.5%. Therefore, all PLWHA should be screened for TB at every visit to a health facility. The findings highlight that integration of health services for both TB and HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia is recommended. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:15:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9dec54f025ac4fdcb4edb25dccb83931 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1876-0341 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:15:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Infection and Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dec54f025ac4fdcb4edb25dccb839312022-12-21T19:16:20ZengElsevierJournal of Infection and Public Health1876-03412021-11-01141115711577Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi ArabiaMajid A. Darraj0Ahmed A. Abdulhaq1Abuobaida Yassin2Sultan Mubarki3Heba M. Shalaby4Yoav Keynan5Khalid Y. Ghailan6Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi7Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaKing Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, CanadaFaculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaMedical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; Corresponding author at: Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are highly susceptible to TB infection and progression to active TB disease. This study aims to determine the proportion and risk factors of TB among PLWHA in Jazan Region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected individuals attending the main referral hospital in Jazan Region during the period 2017–2019. The participants’ TB status, CD4+ lymphocyte count, and viral load were assessed. In addition, their demographic and clinical information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 316 HIV-positive individuals aged between 13 and 81 years (75% male and 25% female) were enrolled in this study. Of them, 30 (9.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2, 10.6%) were diagnosed with TB: 46.7% (14/30) had pulmonary TB and 53.3% (16/30) had extrapulmonary TB. The highest proportion of TB-positive PLWHA was found among participants aged 18–30 years (11.6%) and among non-Saudis (14.0%) when compared to other age groups and Saudi participants (7.4%). Multivariate analysis showed that male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.79; 95% CI = 1.22, 18.74), past medical history (PMH) of TB (AOR = 29.67; 95% CI = 5.31, 164.32), PMH of other RTIs (AOR = 5.86; 95 % CI = 2.14, 16.06), CD4+ lymphocyte count of <200 cells/mm³ (AOR = 4.33; 95% CI = 1.65, 11.36), and viral load of ≥1 × 103 copies/mL (AOR = 5.46; 95% CI = 2.02, 14.77) were the significant risk factors of TB among the studied PLWHA. Conclusion: The prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection among the studied population was 9.5%. Therefore, all PLWHA should be screened for TB at every visit to a health facility. The findings highlight that integration of health services for both TB and HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia is recommended.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034121002707TB-HIV co-infectionRisk factorsInfectious diseasesPLWHASaudi Arabia |
| spellingShingle | Majid A. Darraj Ahmed A. Abdulhaq Abuobaida Yassin Sultan Mubarki Heba M. Shalaby Yoav Keynan Khalid Y. Ghailan Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia Journal of Infection and Public Health TB-HIV co-infection Risk factors Infectious diseases PLWHA Saudi Arabia |
| title | Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia |
| title_full | Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia |
| title_fullStr | Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia |
| title_short | Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia |
| title_sort | tuberculosis among people living with hiv aids in jazan region southwestern saudi arabia |
| topic | TB-HIV co-infection Risk factors Infectious diseases PLWHA Saudi Arabia |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034121002707 |
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