Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases
Anellovirus (AV) is a ubiquitous virus in the human population. Individuals can be infected with multiple AV genera and species to form a heterogeneous repertoire, termed the anellome. Using advanced methods, we examined the anellomes from 12 paired serum and liver samples, as well as 2701 subjects...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/8/1635 |
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| author | Xiaoan Zhang William D. Park Marijn Thijssen Yanjuan Xu Long Ping Victor Tse Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim Rajeev Aurora Xiaofeng Fan |
| author_facet | Xiaoan Zhang William D. Park Marijn Thijssen Yanjuan Xu Long Ping Victor Tse Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim Rajeev Aurora Xiaofeng Fan |
| author_sort | Xiaoan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Anellovirus (AV) is a ubiquitous virus in the human population. Individuals can be infected with multiple AV genera and species to form a heterogeneous repertoire, termed the anellome. Using advanced methods, we examined the anellomes from 12 paired serum and liver samples, as well as 2701 subjects with different clinical diagnoses. Overall, anellomes are remarkably individualized, with significant among-group differences (Kruskal–Wallis test <i>p</i> = 6.6 × 10<sup>−162</sup> for richness and <i>p</i> = 7.48 × 10<sup>−162</sup> for Shannon entropy). High dissimilarity scores (beta diversity) were observed between patient groups, except for paired serum and liver samples. At the population level, the relative abundance of combinational AV genus <i>Betatorquevirus</i> (torque teno mini viruses, TTMV), and <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> (torque teno midi viruses, TTMDV) exhibited an exponential distribution with a low bound point at 32%. Defined by this value, the AV TTMV/TTMDV-expanded anellome was significantly enriched among patients with acute liver failure (31.7%) and liver transplantation (40.7%), compared with other patient groups (χ<sup>2</sup> test: <i>p</i> = 4.1 × 10<sup>−8</sup>–3.2 × 10<sup>−3</sup>). Therefore, anellome heterogeneity may be predictive of clinical outcomes in certain diseases, such as liver disease. The consistency of anellome between paired serum and liver samples indicates that a liquid biopsy approach would be suitable for longitudinal studies to clarify the causality of the AV TTMV/TTMDV-expanded anellome in the outcomes of liver disease. |
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| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:30:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-9dfad877ae114cb2aa5fc1e746a708292023-11-19T03:19:31ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-07-01158163510.3390/v15081635Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver DiseasesXiaoan Zhang0William D. Park1Marijn Thijssen2Yanjuan Xu3Long Ping Victor Tse4Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim5Rajeev Aurora6Xiaofeng Fan7Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USADepartment of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USALaboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumDivision of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USADepartment of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USALaboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USADivision of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USAAnellovirus (AV) is a ubiquitous virus in the human population. Individuals can be infected with multiple AV genera and species to form a heterogeneous repertoire, termed the anellome. Using advanced methods, we examined the anellomes from 12 paired serum and liver samples, as well as 2701 subjects with different clinical diagnoses. Overall, anellomes are remarkably individualized, with significant among-group differences (Kruskal–Wallis test <i>p</i> = 6.6 × 10<sup>−162</sup> for richness and <i>p</i> = 7.48 × 10<sup>−162</sup> for Shannon entropy). High dissimilarity scores (beta diversity) were observed between patient groups, except for paired serum and liver samples. At the population level, the relative abundance of combinational AV genus <i>Betatorquevirus</i> (torque teno mini viruses, TTMV), and <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> (torque teno midi viruses, TTMDV) exhibited an exponential distribution with a low bound point at 32%. Defined by this value, the AV TTMV/TTMDV-expanded anellome was significantly enriched among patients with acute liver failure (31.7%) and liver transplantation (40.7%), compared with other patient groups (χ<sup>2</sup> test: <i>p</i> = 4.1 × 10<sup>−8</sup>–3.2 × 10<sup>−3</sup>). Therefore, anellome heterogeneity may be predictive of clinical outcomes in certain diseases, such as liver disease. The consistency of anellome between paired serum and liver samples indicates that a liquid biopsy approach would be suitable for longitudinal studies to clarify the causality of the AV TTMV/TTMDV-expanded anellome in the outcomes of liver disease.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/8/1635anellovirusviromenext-generation sequencinghepatitis C virushepatocellular carcinoma |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoan Zhang William D. Park Marijn Thijssen Yanjuan Xu Long Ping Victor Tse Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim Rajeev Aurora Xiaofeng Fan Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases Viruses anellovirus virome next-generation sequencing hepatitis C virus hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title | Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases |
| title_full | Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases |
| title_short | Expansion of <i>Betatorquevirus</i> and/or <i>Gammatorquevirus</i> in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases |
| title_sort | expansion of i betatorquevirus i and or i gammatorquevirus i in patients with severe clinical outcomes of the liver diseases |
| topic | anellovirus virome next-generation sequencing hepatitis C virus hepatocellular carcinoma |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/8/1635 |
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