Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning
<p>During the past decades, the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA) in ambient air has been improving substantially. The database of source retrieval model-resolved mass spectral profiles for different sources has been built with the aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). However, distingui...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/14561/2023/acp-23-14561-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797463769854509056 |
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| author | J. Zhang K. Li K. Li T. Wang E. Gammelsæter E. Gammelsæter R. K. Y. Cheung M. Surdu S. Bogler D. Bhattu D. S. Wang T. Cui L. Qi H. Lamkaddam I. El Haddad J. G. Slowik A. S. H. Prevot D. M. Bell |
| author_facet | J. Zhang K. Li K. Li T. Wang E. Gammelsæter E. Gammelsæter R. K. Y. Cheung M. Surdu S. Bogler D. Bhattu D. S. Wang T. Cui L. Qi H. Lamkaddam I. El Haddad J. G. Slowik A. S. H. Prevot D. M. Bell |
| author_sort | J. Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>During the past decades, the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA) in ambient air has been improving substantially. The database of source retrieval model-resolved mass spectral profiles for different sources has been built with the aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). However, distinguishing similar sources (such as wildfires and residential wood burning) remains challenging, as the hard ionization of the AMS mostly fragments compounds and therefore cannot capture detailed molecular information. Recent mass spectrometer technologies of soft ionization and high mass resolution have allowed for aerosol characterization at the molecular formula level. In this study, we systematically estimated the emission factors and characterized the primary OA (POA) chemical composition with the AMS and the extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) for the first time from a variety of solid fuels, including beech logs, spruce and pine logs, spruce and pine branches and needles, straw, cow dung, and plastic bags. The emission factors of organic matter estimated by the AMS and hydrocarbon gases estimated by the total hydrocarbon analyzer are 16.2 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 10.8 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 30.3 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 8.5 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for cow dung burning, which is generally higher than that of wood (beech, spruce, and pine), straw, and plastic bag burning (in the range from 1.1 to 6.2 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 14.1 to 19.3 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup>)</span>. The POA measured by the AMS shows that the <span class="inline-formula"><i>f</i><sub>60</sub></span> (mass fraction of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d93d3cda2a0fb8602765a5ab31f8bec1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-23-14561-2023-ie00001.svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" src="acp-23-14561-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> 60) varies from 0.003 to 0.04 based on fuel types and combustion efficiency for wood (beech, spruce, and pine) and cow dung burning. On a molecular level, the dominant compound of POA from wood, straw, and cow dung is C<span class="inline-formula"><sub>6</sub></span>H<span class="inline-formula"><sub>10</sub></span>O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>5</sub></span> (mainly levoglucosan), contributing <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 7 % to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 30 % of the total intensity, followed by C<span class="inline-formula"><sub>8</sub></span>H<span class="inline-formula"><sub>12</sub></span>O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>6</sub></span> with fractions of <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 2 % to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 9 %. However, as they are prevalent in all burning of biomass material, they cannot act as tracers for the specific sources. By using the Mann–Whitney <span class="inline-formula"><i>U</i></span> test among the studied fuels, we find specific potential new markers for these fuels from the measurement of the AMS and EESI-TOF. Markers from spruce and pine burning are likely related to resin acids (e.g., compounds with 20–21 carbon atoms). The product from the pyrolysis of hardwood lignins is found especially in beech log burning. Nitrogen-containing species are selected markers primarily for cow dung open burning. These markers in the future will provide support for the source apportionment.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:56:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9e480d350cc94e04ac37158e459fb07f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:56:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9e480d350cc94e04ac37158e459fb07f2023-11-24T10:21:26ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242023-11-0123145611457610.5194/acp-23-14561-2023Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burningJ. Zhang0K. Li1K. Li2T. Wang3E. Gammelsæter4E. Gammelsæter5R. K. Y. Cheung6M. Surdu7S. Bogler8D. Bhattu9D. S. Wang10T. Cui11L. Qi12H. Lamkaddam13I. El Haddad14J. G. Slowik15A. S. H. Prevot16D. M. Bell17Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerlandnow at: Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, ChinaLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerlandnow at: Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, NorwayLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342037, IndiaLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland<p>During the past decades, the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA) in ambient air has been improving substantially. The database of source retrieval model-resolved mass spectral profiles for different sources has been built with the aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). However, distinguishing similar sources (such as wildfires and residential wood burning) remains challenging, as the hard ionization of the AMS mostly fragments compounds and therefore cannot capture detailed molecular information. Recent mass spectrometer technologies of soft ionization and high mass resolution have allowed for aerosol characterization at the molecular formula level. In this study, we systematically estimated the emission factors and characterized the primary OA (POA) chemical composition with the AMS and the extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) for the first time from a variety of solid fuels, including beech logs, spruce and pine logs, spruce and pine branches and needles, straw, cow dung, and plastic bags. The emission factors of organic matter estimated by the AMS and hydrocarbon gases estimated by the total hydrocarbon analyzer are 16.2 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 10.8 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 30.3 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 8.5 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for cow dung burning, which is generally higher than that of wood (beech, spruce, and pine), straw, and plastic bag burning (in the range from 1.1 to 6.2 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 14.1 to 19.3 g kg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup>)</span>. The POA measured by the AMS shows that the <span class="inline-formula"><i>f</i><sub>60</sub></span> (mass fraction of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d93d3cda2a0fb8602765a5ab31f8bec1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-23-14561-2023-ie00001.svg" width="23pt" height="14pt" src="acp-23-14561-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> 60) varies from 0.003 to 0.04 based on fuel types and combustion efficiency for wood (beech, spruce, and pine) and cow dung burning. On a molecular level, the dominant compound of POA from wood, straw, and cow dung is C<span class="inline-formula"><sub>6</sub></span>H<span class="inline-formula"><sub>10</sub></span>O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>5</sub></span> (mainly levoglucosan), contributing <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 7 % to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 30 % of the total intensity, followed by C<span class="inline-formula"><sub>8</sub></span>H<span class="inline-formula"><sub>12</sub></span>O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>6</sub></span> with fractions of <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 2 % to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 9 %. However, as they are prevalent in all burning of biomass material, they cannot act as tracers for the specific sources. By using the Mann–Whitney <span class="inline-formula"><i>U</i></span> test among the studied fuels, we find specific potential new markers for these fuels from the measurement of the AMS and EESI-TOF. Markers from spruce and pine burning are likely related to resin acids (e.g., compounds with 20–21 carbon atoms). The product from the pyrolysis of hardwood lignins is found especially in beech log burning. Nitrogen-containing species are selected markers primarily for cow dung open burning. These markers in the future will provide support for the source apportionment.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/14561/2023/acp-23-14561-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | J. Zhang K. Li K. Li T. Wang E. Gammelsæter E. Gammelsæter R. K. Y. Cheung M. Surdu S. Bogler D. Bhattu D. S. Wang T. Cui L. Qi H. Lamkaddam I. El Haddad J. G. Slowik A. S. H. Prevot D. M. Bell Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning |
| title_full | Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning |
| title_fullStr | Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning |
| title_short | Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning |
| title_sort | bulk and molecular level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood straw cow dung and plastic burning |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/14561/2023/acp-23-14561-2023.pdf |
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