Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging
In fluoroscopic imaging, we can acquire X-ray image sequences using a flat-panel dynamic detector. However, lag signals from previous frames are added to the subsequently acquired images and produce lag artifacts. The lag signals also inflate the measured noise power spectrum (NPS) of a detector. In...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/1/87 |
| _version_ | 1797494737367728128 |
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| author | Eunae Lee Dong Sik Kim |
| author_facet | Eunae Lee Dong Sik Kim |
| author_sort | Eunae Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In fluoroscopic imaging, we can acquire X-ray image sequences using a flat-panel dynamic detector. However, lag signals from previous frames are added to the subsequently acquired images and produce lag artifacts. The lag signals also inflate the measured noise power spectrum (NPS) of a detector. In order to correct the measured NPS, the lag correction factor (LCF) is generally used. However, the nonuniform temporal gain (NTG), which is from inconsistent X-ray sources and readout circuits, can significantly distort the LCF measurements. In this paper, we propose a simple scheme to alleviate the NTG problem in order to accurately and efficiently measure the detector LCF. We first theoretically analyze the effects of NTG, especially on the correlation-based LCF measurement methods, where calculating the correlation coefficients are required. In order to remove the biases due to NTG, a notion of conditional covariance is considered for unbiased estimates of the correlation coefficients. Experiments using practical X-ray images acquired from a dynamic detector were conducted. The proposed approach could yield accurate LCF values similarly to the current approaches of the direct and U-L corrections with a low computational complexity. By calculating the correlation coefficients based on conditional covariance, we could obtain accurate LCF values even under the NTG environment. This approach does not require any preprocessing scheme of the direct or U-L correction and can provide further accurate LCF values than the method of IEC62220-1-3 does. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:38:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9e6dbd6b06f942ec9fca6e8e59665e5b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:38:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9e6dbd6b06f942ec9fca6e8e59665e5b2023-11-23T13:28:00ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182021-12-011218710.3390/diagnostics12010087Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic ImagingEunae Lee0Dong Sik Kim1Department of Electronics Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 17035, KoreaDepartment of Electronics Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 17035, KoreaIn fluoroscopic imaging, we can acquire X-ray image sequences using a flat-panel dynamic detector. However, lag signals from previous frames are added to the subsequently acquired images and produce lag artifacts. The lag signals also inflate the measured noise power spectrum (NPS) of a detector. In order to correct the measured NPS, the lag correction factor (LCF) is generally used. However, the nonuniform temporal gain (NTG), which is from inconsistent X-ray sources and readout circuits, can significantly distort the LCF measurements. In this paper, we propose a simple scheme to alleviate the NTG problem in order to accurately and efficiently measure the detector LCF. We first theoretically analyze the effects of NTG, especially on the correlation-based LCF measurement methods, where calculating the correlation coefficients are required. In order to remove the biases due to NTG, a notion of conditional covariance is considered for unbiased estimates of the correlation coefficients. Experiments using practical X-ray images acquired from a dynamic detector were conducted. The proposed approach could yield accurate LCF values similarly to the current approaches of the direct and U-L corrections with a low computational complexity. By calculating the correlation coefficients based on conditional covariance, we could obtain accurate LCF values even under the NTG environment. This approach does not require any preprocessing scheme of the direct or U-L correction and can provide further accurate LCF values than the method of IEC62220-1-3 does.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/1/87conditional covariancefluoroscopic imaginglag correction factornonuniform temporal gainupper-lower correction |
| spellingShingle | Eunae Lee Dong Sik Kim Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging Diagnostics conditional covariance fluoroscopic imaging lag correction factor nonuniform temporal gain upper-lower correction |
| title | Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging |
| title_full | Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging |
| title_fullStr | Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging |
| title_short | Conditional Covariances for the Signal Lag Measurements in Fluoroscopic Imaging |
| title_sort | conditional covariances for the signal lag measurements in fluoroscopic imaging |
| topic | conditional covariance fluoroscopic imaging lag correction factor nonuniform temporal gain upper-lower correction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/1/87 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eunaelee conditionalcovariancesforthesignallagmeasurementsinfluoroscopicimaging AT dongsikkim conditionalcovariancesforthesignallagmeasurementsinfluoroscopicimaging |