Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults

One of the most salient long-term implications of a childhood diagnosis of ADHD is an increased risk for substance use, abuse, or dependence in adolescence and adulthood. The extent to which cannabis use affects ADHD-related alterations in brain functional organization is unknown, however. To addres...

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Main Authors: Clare Kelly, PhD, F. Xavier Castellanos, Olivia Tomaselli, Krista Lisdahl, Leanne Tamm, Terry Jernigan, Erik Newman, Jeffery N. Epstein, Brooke S.G. Molina, Laurence L. Greenhill, Steven G. Potkin, Stephen Hinshaw, James M. Swanson
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2017-01-01
Series:NeuroImage: Clinical
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221315821630170X
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author Clare Kelly, PhD
F. Xavier Castellanos
Olivia Tomaselli
Krista Lisdahl
Leanne Tamm
Terry Jernigan
Erik Newman
Jeffery N. Epstein
Brooke S.G. Molina
Laurence L. Greenhill
Steven G. Potkin
Stephen Hinshaw
James M. Swanson
author_facet Clare Kelly, PhD
F. Xavier Castellanos
Olivia Tomaselli
Krista Lisdahl
Leanne Tamm
Terry Jernigan
Erik Newman
Jeffery N. Epstein
Brooke S.G. Molina
Laurence L. Greenhill
Steven G. Potkin
Stephen Hinshaw
James M. Swanson
author_sort Clare Kelly, PhD
collection DOAJ
description One of the most salient long-term implications of a childhood diagnosis of ADHD is an increased risk for substance use, abuse, or dependence in adolescence and adulthood. The extent to which cannabis use affects ADHD-related alterations in brain functional organization is unknown, however. To address this research gap, we recruited a sample of 75 individuals aged 21–25 years with and without a childhood diagnosis of ADHD Combined Type, who were either frequent users or non-users of cannabis. These participants have been followed longitudinally since age 7–9.9 years as part of a large multi-site longitudinal study of ADHD, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). We examined task-independent intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within 9 functional networks using a 2 × 2 design, which compared four groups of participants: (1) individuals with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD who currently use cannabis (n = 23); (2) individuals with ADHD who do not currently use cannabis (n = 22); (3) comparisons who currently use cannabis (n = 15); and (4) comparisons who do not currently use cannabis (n = 15). The main effects of childhood ADHD were primarily weakened iFC in networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control. Contrary to expectations, effects of cannabis use were distinct from those of diagnostic group and no interactions were observed. Exploratory brain-behavior analyses suggested that ADHD-related effects were primarily linked with poorer neurocognitive performance. Deficits in the integrity of functional networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control are consistent with the phenotypic and neurocognitive features of ADHD. Our data suggest that cannabis use does not exacerbate ADHD-related alterations, but this finding awaits replication in a larger sample. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies are urgently required to delineate the neurodevelopmental cascade that culminates in positive and negative outcomes for those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood.
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spelling doaj.art-9e889df6bcd44b5bb0a787bd04e924852022-12-21T17:26:32ZengElsevierNeuroImage: Clinical2213-15822017-01-0113C18820010.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.012Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adultsClare Kelly, PhD0F. Xavier Castellanos1Olivia Tomaselli2Krista Lisdahl3Leanne Tamm4Terry Jernigan5Erik Newman6Jeffery N. Epstein7Brooke S.G. Molina8Laurence L. Greenhill9Steven G. Potkin10Stephen Hinshaw11James M. Swanson12School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandCenter for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USACenter for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USAUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Psychology Department, 2441 E. Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USACincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML10006 Cincinnati, OH, USACenter for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USACenter for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USADepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USADepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USADepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USADepartment of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USAChild Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USAOne of the most salient long-term implications of a childhood diagnosis of ADHD is an increased risk for substance use, abuse, or dependence in adolescence and adulthood. The extent to which cannabis use affects ADHD-related alterations in brain functional organization is unknown, however. To address this research gap, we recruited a sample of 75 individuals aged 21–25 years with and without a childhood diagnosis of ADHD Combined Type, who were either frequent users or non-users of cannabis. These participants have been followed longitudinally since age 7–9.9 years as part of a large multi-site longitudinal study of ADHD, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). We examined task-independent intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within 9 functional networks using a 2 × 2 design, which compared four groups of participants: (1) individuals with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD who currently use cannabis (n = 23); (2) individuals with ADHD who do not currently use cannabis (n = 22); (3) comparisons who currently use cannabis (n = 15); and (4) comparisons who do not currently use cannabis (n = 15). The main effects of childhood ADHD were primarily weakened iFC in networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control. Contrary to expectations, effects of cannabis use were distinct from those of diagnostic group and no interactions were observed. Exploratory brain-behavior analyses suggested that ADHD-related effects were primarily linked with poorer neurocognitive performance. Deficits in the integrity of functional networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control are consistent with the phenotypic and neurocognitive features of ADHD. Our data suggest that cannabis use does not exacerbate ADHD-related alterations, but this finding awaits replication in a larger sample. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies are urgently required to delineate the neurodevelopmental cascade that culminates in positive and negative outcomes for those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221315821630170XADHDCannabisMarijuanafMRIFunctional connectivityNeurocognitive
spellingShingle Clare Kelly, PhD
F. Xavier Castellanos
Olivia Tomaselli
Krista Lisdahl
Leanne Tamm
Terry Jernigan
Erik Newman
Jeffery N. Epstein
Brooke S.G. Molina
Laurence L. Greenhill
Steven G. Potkin
Stephen Hinshaw
James M. Swanson
Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
NeuroImage: Clinical
ADHD
Cannabis
Marijuana
fMRI
Functional connectivity
Neurocognitive
title Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
title_full Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
title_fullStr Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
title_full_unstemmed Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
title_short Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
title_sort distinct effects of childhood adhd and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
topic ADHD
Cannabis
Marijuana
fMRI
Functional connectivity
Neurocognitive
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221315821630170X
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