Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery
The study aimed to determine the enhanced effects of essential oils (EOs) and plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as penetration enhancers (PEs) for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) of caffeine. A 1% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> solution of eight EOs and seven PDMs was included in the 1% caff...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2872 |
| _version_ | 1797609869757382656 |
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| author | Heider Carreño Elena E. Stashenko Patricia Escobar |
| author_facet | Heider Carreño Elena E. Stashenko Patricia Escobar |
| author_sort | Heider Carreño |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The study aimed to determine the enhanced effects of essential oils (EOs) and plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as penetration enhancers (PEs) for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) of caffeine. A 1% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> solution of eight EOs and seven PDMs was included in the 1% caffeine carbopol hydrogel. Franz diffusion cell experiments were performed using mice with full-thickness skin. At various times over 24 h, 300 μL of the receptor were withdrawn and replaced with fresh medium. Caffeine was analyzed spectrophotometrically at 272 nm. The skin irritation effects of the hydrogels applied once a day for 21 days were investigated in mice. The steady-state flux (J<i><sub>SS</sub></i>) of the caffeine hydrogel was 30 ± 19.6 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. An increase in caffeine J<i><sub>SS</sub></i> was induced by <i>Lippia origanoides</i> > <i>Turnera diffusa</i> > eugenol > carvacrol > limonene, with values of 150 ± 14.1, 130 ± 47.6, 101 ± 21.7, 90 ± 18.4, and 86 ± 21.0 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The Kp of caffeine was 2.8 ± 0.26 cm h<sup>−1</sup>, almost 2–4 times lower than that induced by <i>Lippia origanoides</i> > <i>Turnera diffusa</i> > limonene > eugenol > carvacrol, with Kp values of 11 ± 1.7, 8.8 ± 4.2, 6.8 ± 1.7, 6.3 ± 1.2, and 5.15 ± 1.0 cm h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. No irritating effects were observed. <i>Lippia origanoides</i>, <i>Turnera diffusa</i>, eugenol, carvacrol, and limonene improved caffeine’s skin permeation. These compounds may be as effective as the PE in TDD systems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:06:22Z |
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| id | doaj.art-9ea02426d4be4a4d914e906c68ad7101 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:06:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-9ea02426d4be4a4d914e906c68ad71012023-11-17T12:56:21ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-03-01286287210.3390/molecules28062872Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug DeliveryHeider Carreño0Elena E. Stashenko1Patricia Escobar2Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta 681011, ColombiaCentro de Investigación en Biomoléculas (CIBIMOL), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, ColombiaDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta 681011, ColombiaThe study aimed to determine the enhanced effects of essential oils (EOs) and plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as penetration enhancers (PEs) for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) of caffeine. A 1% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> solution of eight EOs and seven PDMs was included in the 1% caffeine carbopol hydrogel. Franz diffusion cell experiments were performed using mice with full-thickness skin. At various times over 24 h, 300 μL of the receptor were withdrawn and replaced with fresh medium. Caffeine was analyzed spectrophotometrically at 272 nm. The skin irritation effects of the hydrogels applied once a day for 21 days were investigated in mice. The steady-state flux (J<i><sub>SS</sub></i>) of the caffeine hydrogel was 30 ± 19.6 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. An increase in caffeine J<i><sub>SS</sub></i> was induced by <i>Lippia origanoides</i> > <i>Turnera diffusa</i> > eugenol > carvacrol > limonene, with values of 150 ± 14.1, 130 ± 47.6, 101 ± 21.7, 90 ± 18.4, and 86 ± 21.0 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The Kp of caffeine was 2.8 ± 0.26 cm h<sup>−1</sup>, almost 2–4 times lower than that induced by <i>Lippia origanoides</i> > <i>Turnera diffusa</i> > limonene > eugenol > carvacrol, with Kp values of 11 ± 1.7, 8.8 ± 4.2, 6.8 ± 1.7, 6.3 ± 1.2, and 5.15 ± 1.0 cm h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. No irritating effects were observed. <i>Lippia origanoides</i>, <i>Turnera diffusa</i>, eugenol, carvacrol, and limonene improved caffeine’s skin permeation. These compounds may be as effective as the PE in TDD systems.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2872permeation enhancersessential oils<i>Lippia origanoides</i><i>Turnera diffusa</i>plant secondary metabolites |
| spellingShingle | Heider Carreño Elena E. Stashenko Patricia Escobar Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery Molecules permeation enhancers essential oils <i>Lippia origanoides</i> <i>Turnera diffusa</i> plant secondary metabolites |
| title | Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery |
| title_full | Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery |
| title_fullStr | Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery |
| title_short | Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery |
| title_sort | essential oils distilled from colombian aromatic plants and their constituents as penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery |
| topic | permeation enhancers essential oils <i>Lippia origanoides</i> <i>Turnera diffusa</i> plant secondary metabolites |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2872 |
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