Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting
The internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to measure physical variables and acquire data in places that were impossible a few years ago, such as transmission lines and electrical substations. Monitoring and fault diagnosis strategies can then be applied. A battery or an energy harvesting system...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1480 |
| _version_ | 1797623212982403072 |
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| author | Yuming Liu Jordi-Roger Riba Manuel Moreno-Eguilaz |
| author_facet | Yuming Liu Jordi-Roger Riba Manuel Moreno-Eguilaz |
| author_sort | Yuming Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to measure physical variables and acquire data in places that were impossible a few years ago, such as transmission lines and electrical substations. Monitoring and fault diagnosis strategies can then be applied. A battery or an energy harvesting system charging a rechargeable battery typically powers IoT devices. The energy harvesting unit and rechargeable battery supply the sensors and wireless communications modules. Therefore, the energy harvesting unit must be correctly sized to optimize the availability and reliability of IoT devices. This paper applies a power balance of the entire IoT device, including the energy harvesting module that includes two thermoelectric generators and a DC–DC converter, the battery, and the sensors and communication modules. Due to the small currents typical of the different communication phases and their fast-switching nature, it is not trivial to measure the energy in each phase, requiring very specific instrumentation. This work shows that using conventional instrumentation it is possible to measure the energy involved in the different modes of communication. A detailed energy balance of the battery is also carried out during charge and discharge cycles, as well as communication modes, from which the maximum allowable data transfer rate is determined. The approach presented here can be generalized to many other smart grid IoT devices. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:25:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ecaef0794764ac2a281c063867d1dd9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:25:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ecaef0794764ac2a281c063867d1dd92023-11-16T18:01:40ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-01-01233148010.3390/s23031480Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy HarvestingYuming Liu0Jordi-Roger Riba1Manuel Moreno-Eguilaz2Electrical and Electronics Engineering Departments, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, SpainElectrical and Electronics Engineering Departments, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, SpainElectrical and Electronics Engineering Departments, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, SpainThe internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to measure physical variables and acquire data in places that were impossible a few years ago, such as transmission lines and electrical substations. Monitoring and fault diagnosis strategies can then be applied. A battery or an energy harvesting system charging a rechargeable battery typically powers IoT devices. The energy harvesting unit and rechargeable battery supply the sensors and wireless communications modules. Therefore, the energy harvesting unit must be correctly sized to optimize the availability and reliability of IoT devices. This paper applies a power balance of the entire IoT device, including the energy harvesting module that includes two thermoelectric generators and a DC–DC converter, the battery, and the sensors and communication modules. Due to the small currents typical of the different communication phases and their fast-switching nature, it is not trivial to measure the energy in each phase, requiring very specific instrumentation. This work shows that using conventional instrumentation it is possible to measure the energy involved in the different modes of communication. A detailed energy balance of the battery is also carried out during charge and discharge cycles, as well as communication modes, from which the maximum allowable data transfer rate is determined. The approach presented here can be generalized to many other smart grid IoT devices.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1480energy harvestingthermoelectric generatorhigh voltagesubstation connectorbattery efficiencypower consumption |
| spellingShingle | Yuming Liu Jordi-Roger Riba Manuel Moreno-Eguilaz Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Sensors energy harvesting thermoelectric generator high voltage substation connector battery efficiency power consumption |
| title | Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting |
| title_full | Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting |
| title_fullStr | Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting |
| title_short | Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting |
| title_sort | energy balance of wireless sensor nodes based on bluetooth low energy and thermoelectric energy harvesting |
| topic | energy harvesting thermoelectric generator high voltage substation connector battery efficiency power consumption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1480 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yumingliu energybalanceofwirelesssensornodesbasedonbluetoothlowenergyandthermoelectricenergyharvesting AT jordirogerriba energybalanceofwirelesssensornodesbasedonbluetoothlowenergyandthermoelectricenergyharvesting AT manuelmorenoeguilaz energybalanceofwirelesssensornodesbasedonbluetoothlowenergyandthermoelectricenergyharvesting |