Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>
<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, is a serious forest pest, causing enormous economic losses in pine trees in Korea, China, Japan, and countries in Western Europe. To prevent pine wilt disease (PWD), trunk injection with nematicide is performed in Korea...
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/20/3634 |
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| author | Deok Jea Cha Junheon Kim Dong Soo Kim |
| author_facet | Deok Jea Cha Junheon Kim Dong Soo Kim |
| author_sort | Deok Jea Cha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, is a serious forest pest, causing enormous economic losses in pine trees in Korea, China, Japan, and countries in Western Europe. To prevent pine wilt disease (PWD), trunk injection with nematicide is performed in Korea. Although these nematicidal agents are quite efficient, the development of new nematicidal agents is needed to prevent pesticide resistance and reduce pest management costs. The aim of this study was to investigate nematicidal activities of pure naphthoquinones (NTQs)−1,4-NTQ, juglone, and plumbagin—against <i>B. xylophilus</i> via in vitro and semi-in vivo assays to identify new candidate agents for trunk injection. Estimated LC<sub>50</sub> values (48 h exposure) were 100.0 ppm, 57.0 ppm, and 104.0 ppm for 1,4-NTQ, juglone, and plumbagin, respectively. In the semi-in vivo assay on pine bolt of the Japanese black pine, <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, the population of inoculated <i>B. xylophilus</i> was significantly decreased at two weeks after treatment with juglone when compared with the effects of treatment with 1,4-NTQ and plumbagin. We also observed that naphthoquinones could generate reactive oxygen species, which presumably indicated that naphthoquinones caused significant oxidative stress in <i>B. xylophilus</i>. The findings of this study suggest the nematicidal potential of naphthoquinones and their possible use in further in vivo assays to test their nematicidal efficacy against <i>B. xylophilus</i> when injected through trunk injection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T09:54:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ecfdb6ab5734baca7caaa417bbb8692 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T09:54:09Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ecfdb6ab5734baca7caaa417bbb86922022-12-22T00:28:11ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-10-012420363410.3390/molecules24203634molecules24203634Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>Deok Jea Cha0Junheon Kim1Dong Soo Kim2Division of Forest Insects and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, KoreaDivision of Forest Insects and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, KoreaDivision of Forest Insects and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, is a serious forest pest, causing enormous economic losses in pine trees in Korea, China, Japan, and countries in Western Europe. To prevent pine wilt disease (PWD), trunk injection with nematicide is performed in Korea. Although these nematicidal agents are quite efficient, the development of new nematicidal agents is needed to prevent pesticide resistance and reduce pest management costs. The aim of this study was to investigate nematicidal activities of pure naphthoquinones (NTQs)−1,4-NTQ, juglone, and plumbagin—against <i>B. xylophilus</i> via in vitro and semi-in vivo assays to identify new candidate agents for trunk injection. Estimated LC<sub>50</sub> values (48 h exposure) were 100.0 ppm, 57.0 ppm, and 104.0 ppm for 1,4-NTQ, juglone, and plumbagin, respectively. In the semi-in vivo assay on pine bolt of the Japanese black pine, <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, the population of inoculated <i>B. xylophilus</i> was significantly decreased at two weeks after treatment with juglone when compared with the effects of treatment with 1,4-NTQ and plumbagin. We also observed that naphthoquinones could generate reactive oxygen species, which presumably indicated that naphthoquinones caused significant oxidative stress in <i>B. xylophilus</i>. The findings of this study suggest the nematicidal potential of naphthoquinones and their possible use in further in vivo assays to test their nematicidal efficacy against <i>B. xylophilus</i> when injected through trunk injection.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/20/3634<i>bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>naphthoquinonereactive oxygen species |
| spellingShingle | Deok Jea Cha Junheon Kim Dong Soo Kim Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> Molecules <i>bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> naphthoquinone reactive oxygen species |
| title | Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> |
| title_full | Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> |
| title_short | Nematicidal Activities of Three Naphthoquinones against the Pine Wood Nematode, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> |
| title_sort | nematicidal activities of three naphthoquinones against the pine wood nematode i bursaphelenchus xylophilus i |
| topic | <i>bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> naphthoquinone reactive oxygen species |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/20/3634 |
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