Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exposes individuals to multiple stressors, such as quarantine, physical distancing, job loss, risk of infection, and loss of loved ones. Such a complex array of stressors potentially lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder. Objective: This cross-sectional explorator...
| मुख्य लेखकों: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| स्वरूप: | लेख |
| भाषा: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2021-01-01
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| श्रृंखला: | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
| विषय: | |
| ऑनलाइन पहुंच: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197 |
| _version_ | 1827964914845614080 |
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| author | Annett Lotzin Linda Krause Elena Acquarini Dean Ajdukovic Vittoria Ardino Filip Arnberg Maria Böttche Maria Bragesjö Małgorzata Dragan Margarida Figueiredo-Braga Odeta Gelezelyte Piotr Grajewski Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous Jana Darejan Javakhishvili Evaldas Kazlauskas Lonneke Lenferink Chrysanthi Lioupi Brigitte Lueger-Schuster Lela Tsiskarishvili Trudy Mooren Luisa Sales Aleksandra Stevanovic Irina Zrnic Ingo Schäfer ADJUST Study Consortium |
| author_facet | Annett Lotzin Linda Krause Elena Acquarini Dean Ajdukovic Vittoria Ardino Filip Arnberg Maria Böttche Maria Bragesjö Małgorzata Dragan Margarida Figueiredo-Braga Odeta Gelezelyte Piotr Grajewski Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous Jana Darejan Javakhishvili Evaldas Kazlauskas Lonneke Lenferink Chrysanthi Lioupi Brigitte Lueger-Schuster Lela Tsiskarishvili Trudy Mooren Luisa Sales Aleksandra Stevanovic Irina Zrnic Ingo Schäfer ADJUST Study Consortium |
| author_sort | Annett Lotzin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exposes individuals to multiple stressors, such as quarantine, physical distancing, job loss, risk of infection, and loss of loved ones. Such a complex array of stressors potentially lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder. Objective: This cross-sectional exploratory study examined relationships between risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data from the first wave of the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) longitudinal ADJUST Study were used. N = 15,563 participants aged 18 years and above were recruited in eleven countries (Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden) from June to November 2020. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender, diagnosis of a mental health disorder), stressors (e.g. fear of infection, restricted face-to-face contact), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (ADNM-8) were examined using multivariate linear regression. Results: The prevalence of self-reported probable adjustment disorder was 18.2%. Risk factors associated with higher levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder were female gender, older age, being at risk for severe COVID-19 illness, poorer general health status, current or previous trauma exposure, a current or previous mental health disorder, and longer exposure to COVID-19 news. Protective factors related to lower levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder were higher income, being retired, and having more face-to-face contact with loved ones or friends. Pandemic-related stressors associated with higher levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder included fear of infection, governmental crisis management, restricted social contact, work-related problems, restricted activity, and difficult housing conditions. Conclusions: We identified stressors, risk, and protective factors that may help identify individuals at higher risk for adjustment disorder. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:24:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ed44911b5a34c3386a0410c08b9f8b1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2000-8066 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:24:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ed44911b5a34c3386a0410c08b9f8b12023-04-18T14:59:10ZengTaylor & Francis GroupEuropean Journal of Psychotraumatology2000-80662021-01-0112110.1080/20008198.2021.19641971964197Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST studyAnnett Lotzin0Linda Krause1Elena Acquarini2Dean Ajdukovic3Vittoria Ardino4Filip Arnberg5Maria Böttche6Maria Bragesjö7Małgorzata Dragan8Margarida Figueiredo-Braga9Odeta Gelezelyte10Piotr Grajewski11Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous12Jana Darejan Javakhishvili13Evaldas Kazlauskas14Lonneke Lenferink15Chrysanthi Lioupi16Brigitte Lueger-Schuster17Lela Tsiskarishvili18Trudy Mooren19Luisa Sales20Aleksandra Stevanovic21Irina Zrnic22Ingo Schäfer23ADJUST Study ConsortiumUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfUniversity of UrbinoUniversity of ZagrebUniversity of UrbinoNational Centre for Disaster Psychiatry, Uppsala UniversityFreie Universität BerlinKarolinska InstitutetUniversity of WarsawUniversity of PortoVilnius UniversityUniversity of WarsawUniversity of NicosiaInstitute of Addiction Studies, Ilia State UniversityVilnius UniversityUniversity of TwenteUniversity of NicosiaUniversity of ViennaIlia State UniversityUtrecht UniversityCentre for Social Studies (CES), University of CoimbraUniversity of RijekaUniversity of ViennaUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic exposes individuals to multiple stressors, such as quarantine, physical distancing, job loss, risk of infection, and loss of loved ones. Such a complex array of stressors potentially lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder. Objective: This cross-sectional exploratory study examined relationships between risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data from the first wave of the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) longitudinal ADJUST Study were used. N = 15,563 participants aged 18 years and above were recruited in eleven countries (Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden) from June to November 2020. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender, diagnosis of a mental health disorder), stressors (e.g. fear of infection, restricted face-to-face contact), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (ADNM-8) were examined using multivariate linear regression. Results: The prevalence of self-reported probable adjustment disorder was 18.2%. Risk factors associated with higher levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder were female gender, older age, being at risk for severe COVID-19 illness, poorer general health status, current or previous trauma exposure, a current or previous mental health disorder, and longer exposure to COVID-19 news. Protective factors related to lower levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder were higher income, being retired, and having more face-to-face contact with loved ones or friends. Pandemic-related stressors associated with higher levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder included fear of infection, governmental crisis management, restricted social contact, work-related problems, restricted activity, and difficult housing conditions. Conclusions: We identified stressors, risk, and protective factors that may help identify individuals at higher risk for adjustment disorder.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197covid-19pandemicdisastercoronavirusadjustment disordermental healthstressorsstress-related disorderspost-traumatic stressrisk factorsprotective factors |
| spellingShingle | Annett Lotzin Linda Krause Elena Acquarini Dean Ajdukovic Vittoria Ardino Filip Arnberg Maria Böttche Maria Bragesjö Małgorzata Dragan Margarida Figueiredo-Braga Odeta Gelezelyte Piotr Grajewski Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous Jana Darejan Javakhishvili Evaldas Kazlauskas Lonneke Lenferink Chrysanthi Lioupi Brigitte Lueger-Schuster Lela Tsiskarishvili Trudy Mooren Luisa Sales Aleksandra Stevanovic Irina Zrnic Ingo Schäfer ADJUST Study Consortium Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study European Journal of Psychotraumatology covid-19 pandemic disaster coronavirus adjustment disorder mental health stressors stress-related disorders post-traumatic stress risk factors protective factors |
| title | Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study |
| title_full | Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study |
| title_fullStr | Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study |
| title_short | Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study |
| title_sort | risk and protective factors stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the covid 19 pandemic first results of the estss covid 19 pan european adjust study |
| topic | covid-19 pandemic disaster coronavirus adjustment disorder mental health stressors stress-related disorders post-traumatic stress risk factors protective factors |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197 |
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