Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal.
<h4>Background</h4>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). To prevent morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), optimization of glycemic status and minimizing CVD risk factors is essential. As Nepal has li...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2022-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271888 |
| _version_ | 1818014870588620800 |
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| author | Mahesh Kumar Khanal Pratiksha Bhandari Raja Ram Dhungana Yadav Gurung Lal B Rawal Gyanendra Pandey Madan Bhandari Surya Devkota Maximilian de Courten Barbora de Courten |
| author_facet | Mahesh Kumar Khanal Pratiksha Bhandari Raja Ram Dhungana Yadav Gurung Lal B Rawal Gyanendra Pandey Madan Bhandari Surya Devkota Maximilian de Courten Barbora de Courten |
| author_sort | Mahesh Kumar Khanal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). To prevent morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), optimization of glycemic status and minimizing CVD risk factors is essential. As Nepal has limited data on these CVD risk parameters, we assessed the prevalence of poor glycemic control, CVD risk factors, and their clustering among patients with T2DM.<h4>Methods</h4>Using a cross-sectional study design, we collected data of 366 patients with T2DM. We applied a multistage cluster sampling technique and used the WHO STEPS tools. Binary logistic and Poisson regression was applied to calculate odds and prevalence ratio of clustering of risk factors, considering P< 0.05 statistically significant.<h4>Results</h4>The mean age of participants was 54.5±10.7 years and 208 (57%) were male. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 66.4% (95% C.I: 61.5-71.2). The prevalence of smoking, alcohol users, inadequate fruit and vegetables intake and physical inactivity were 18% (95% C.I:14 to 21.9), 14.8% (95% C.I:11.1 to 18.4), 98.1% (95% C.I: 96.7-99.4), and 9.8% (95% C.I:6.7-12.8), respectively. Overall, 47.3% (95% C.I: 42.1-52.4) were overweight and obese, 59% (95% C.I: 52.9-63) were hypertensive, and 68% (95% C.I: 63.2-72.7) had dyslipidemia. Clustering of two, three, four, five and more than five risk factors was 12.6%, 30%, 30%,19%, and 8.7%, respectively. Four or more risk factors clustering was significantly associated with gender, age, level of education, T2DM duration, and use of medication. Risk factors clustering was significantly higher among males and users of anti-diabetic medications with prevalence ratio of 1.14 (95% C.I:1.05-1.23) and 1.09 (95% C.I: 1.09-1.18)], respectively.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The majority of the patients with T2DM had poor glycemic control and CVD risk factors. Policies and programs focused on the prevention and better management of T2DM and CVD risk factors should be implemented to reduce mortality in Nepal. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:49:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9eefb3d090cb476ebd9232b8f3e6cbd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:49:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-9eefb3d090cb476ebd9232b8f3e6cbd82022-12-22T02:07:04ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032022-01-01177e027188810.1371/journal.pone.0271888Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal.Mahesh Kumar KhanalPratiksha BhandariRaja Ram DhunganaYadav GurungLal B RawalGyanendra PandeyMadan BhandariSurya DevkotaMaximilian de CourtenBarbora de Courten<h4>Background</h4>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). To prevent morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), optimization of glycemic status and minimizing CVD risk factors is essential. As Nepal has limited data on these CVD risk parameters, we assessed the prevalence of poor glycemic control, CVD risk factors, and their clustering among patients with T2DM.<h4>Methods</h4>Using a cross-sectional study design, we collected data of 366 patients with T2DM. We applied a multistage cluster sampling technique and used the WHO STEPS tools. Binary logistic and Poisson regression was applied to calculate odds and prevalence ratio of clustering of risk factors, considering P< 0.05 statistically significant.<h4>Results</h4>The mean age of participants was 54.5±10.7 years and 208 (57%) were male. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 66.4% (95% C.I: 61.5-71.2). The prevalence of smoking, alcohol users, inadequate fruit and vegetables intake and physical inactivity were 18% (95% C.I:14 to 21.9), 14.8% (95% C.I:11.1 to 18.4), 98.1% (95% C.I: 96.7-99.4), and 9.8% (95% C.I:6.7-12.8), respectively. Overall, 47.3% (95% C.I: 42.1-52.4) were overweight and obese, 59% (95% C.I: 52.9-63) were hypertensive, and 68% (95% C.I: 63.2-72.7) had dyslipidemia. Clustering of two, three, four, five and more than five risk factors was 12.6%, 30%, 30%,19%, and 8.7%, respectively. Four or more risk factors clustering was significantly associated with gender, age, level of education, T2DM duration, and use of medication. Risk factors clustering was significantly higher among males and users of anti-diabetic medications with prevalence ratio of 1.14 (95% C.I:1.05-1.23) and 1.09 (95% C.I: 1.09-1.18)], respectively.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The majority of the patients with T2DM had poor glycemic control and CVD risk factors. Policies and programs focused on the prevention and better management of T2DM and CVD risk factors should be implemented to reduce mortality in Nepal.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271888 |
| spellingShingle | Mahesh Kumar Khanal Pratiksha Bhandari Raja Ram Dhungana Yadav Gurung Lal B Rawal Gyanendra Pandey Madan Bhandari Surya Devkota Maximilian de Courten Barbora de Courten Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. PLoS ONE |
| title | Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. |
| title_full | Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. |
| title_fullStr | Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. |
| title_short | Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. |
| title_sort | poor glycemic control cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus a cross sectional study from nepal |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271888 |
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