Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production?
<p>The change in wind direction and speed with height, referred to as vertical wind shear, causes enhanced turbulence in the atmosphere. As a result, there are enhanced interactions between ice particles that break up during collisions in clouds which could cause heavy snowfall. For example, i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/2345/2023/acp-23-2345-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797902900437975040 |
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| author | Z. Dedekind J. Grazioli P. H. Austin U. Lohmann |
| author_facet | Z. Dedekind J. Grazioli P. H. Austin U. Lohmann |
| author_sort | Z. Dedekind |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The change in wind direction and speed with height, referred to as vertical wind shear, causes enhanced turbulence in the atmosphere. As a result, there are enhanced interactions between ice particles that break up during collisions in clouds which could cause heavy snowfall. For example, intense dual-polarization Doppler signatures in conjunction with strong vertical wind shear were observed by an X-band weather radar during a wintertime high-intensity precipitation event over the Swiss Alps. An enhancement of differential phase shift (<span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i><sub>dp</sub>>1</span><span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) around <span class="inline-formula">−15</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C suggested that a large population of oblate ice particles was present in the atmosphere. Here, we show that ice–graupel collisions are a likely origin of this population, probably enhanced by turbulence. We perform sensitivity simulations that include ice–graupel collisions of a cold frontal passage to investigate whether these simulations can capture the event better and whether the vertical wind shear had an impact on the secondary ice production (SIP) rate. The simulations are conducted with the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO), at a 1 km horizontal grid spacing in the Davos region in Switzerland. The rime-splintering simulations could not reproduce the high ice crystal number concentrations, produced too large ice particles and therefore overestimated the radar reflectivity. The collisional-breakup simulations reproduced both the measured horizontal reflectivity and the ground-based observations of hydrometeor number concentration more accurately (<span class="inline-formula">∼20</span> L<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>). During 14:30–15:45 UTC the vertical wind shear strengthened by 60 % within the region favorable for SIP. Calculation of the mutual information between the SIP rate and vertical wind shear and updraft velocity suggests that the SIP rate is best predicted by the vertical wind shear rather than the updraft velocity. The ice–graupel simulations were insensitive to the parameters in the model that control the size threshold for the conversion from ice to graupel and snow to graupel.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T09:24:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ef94fe1722145048e755bbdf7f0110d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T09:24:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ef94fe1722145048e755bbdf7f0110d2023-02-20T06:37:10ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242023-02-01232345236410.5194/acp-23-2345-2023Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production?Z. Dedekind0J. Grazioli1P. H. Austin2U. Lohmann3Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, CanadaEnvironmental Remote Sensing Laboratory (LTE), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, CanadaInstitute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland<p>The change in wind direction and speed with height, referred to as vertical wind shear, causes enhanced turbulence in the atmosphere. As a result, there are enhanced interactions between ice particles that break up during collisions in clouds which could cause heavy snowfall. For example, intense dual-polarization Doppler signatures in conjunction with strong vertical wind shear were observed by an X-band weather radar during a wintertime high-intensity precipitation event over the Swiss Alps. An enhancement of differential phase shift (<span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i><sub>dp</sub>>1</span><span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) around <span class="inline-formula">−15</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C suggested that a large population of oblate ice particles was present in the atmosphere. Here, we show that ice–graupel collisions are a likely origin of this population, probably enhanced by turbulence. We perform sensitivity simulations that include ice–graupel collisions of a cold frontal passage to investigate whether these simulations can capture the event better and whether the vertical wind shear had an impact on the secondary ice production (SIP) rate. The simulations are conducted with the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO), at a 1 km horizontal grid spacing in the Davos region in Switzerland. The rime-splintering simulations could not reproduce the high ice crystal number concentrations, produced too large ice particles and therefore overestimated the radar reflectivity. The collisional-breakup simulations reproduced both the measured horizontal reflectivity and the ground-based observations of hydrometeor number concentration more accurately (<span class="inline-formula">∼20</span> L<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>). During 14:30–15:45 UTC the vertical wind shear strengthened by 60 % within the region favorable for SIP. Calculation of the mutual information between the SIP rate and vertical wind shear and updraft velocity suggests that the SIP rate is best predicted by the vertical wind shear rather than the updraft velocity. The ice–graupel simulations were insensitive to the parameters in the model that control the size threshold for the conversion from ice to graupel and snow to graupel.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/2345/2023/acp-23-2345-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | Z. Dedekind J. Grazioli P. H. Austin U. Lohmann Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production? Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production? |
| title_full | Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production? |
| title_fullStr | Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production? |
| title_short | Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production? |
| title_sort | heavy snowfall event over the swiss alps did wind shear impact secondary ice production |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/2345/2023/acp-23-2345-2023.pdf |
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