A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System
To mitigate the contemporary environmental challenges and to respect the regulations on the progressive ban of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), natural fluid CO<sub>2</sub> was selected as an ideal refrigerant alternative in the transportation domain. In this study, the optimal CO<sub>2&l...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2600 |
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| author | Yulong Song Hongsheng Xie Mengying Yang Xiangyu Wei Feng Cao Xiang Yin |
| author_facet | Yulong Song Hongsheng Xie Mengying Yang Xiangyu Wei Feng Cao Xiang Yin |
| author_sort | Yulong Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To mitigate the contemporary environmental challenges and to respect the regulations on the progressive ban of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), natural fluid CO<sub>2</sub> was selected as an ideal refrigerant alternative in the transportation domain. In this study, the optimal CO<sub>2</sub> charging amount and the refrigerant distribution in a bus air conditioning/heat pump system were analyzed in detail. The results showed that there was a plateau (so named by the best charging amount) of the CO<sub>2</sub> charging amount in which the system performance reached an optimal value and maintained it nearly unchanged during this plateau while the performance declined on both sides of the plateau. In addition, the ambient temperature was found to have little effect on the determination of the refrigerant charging plateau, while the refrigerant distribution was affected by the ambient temperature to some extent. Due to the large thermal load and thermal inertia on a bus, the data and conclusions obtained are different from those of ordinary electric small passenger vehicles. This article aims to discover some quantitative parameters and lay a theoretical foundation in this field which is lacking relevant research. Through the research based on the GT-Suite simulation platform, we simulated the transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> cycle applied on a bus, and the performance changes of the bus system (COP 1.2–2.2, refrigerating capacity 9.5–18 kW) under different charging rates (3–8 kg) were obtained. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:37:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9f0faad0abe245f1b7bce5a13255c191 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:37:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-9f0faad0abe245f1b7bce5a13255c1912023-11-17T10:48:22ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-03-01166260010.3390/en16062600A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump SystemYulong Song0Hongsheng Xie1Mengying Yang2Xiangyu Wei3Feng Cao4Xiang Yin5School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaTo mitigate the contemporary environmental challenges and to respect the regulations on the progressive ban of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), natural fluid CO<sub>2</sub> was selected as an ideal refrigerant alternative in the transportation domain. In this study, the optimal CO<sub>2</sub> charging amount and the refrigerant distribution in a bus air conditioning/heat pump system were analyzed in detail. The results showed that there was a plateau (so named by the best charging amount) of the CO<sub>2</sub> charging amount in which the system performance reached an optimal value and maintained it nearly unchanged during this plateau while the performance declined on both sides of the plateau. In addition, the ambient temperature was found to have little effect on the determination of the refrigerant charging plateau, while the refrigerant distribution was affected by the ambient temperature to some extent. Due to the large thermal load and thermal inertia on a bus, the data and conclusions obtained are different from those of ordinary electric small passenger vehicles. This article aims to discover some quantitative parameters and lay a theoretical foundation in this field which is lacking relevant research. Through the research based on the GT-Suite simulation platform, we simulated the transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> cycle applied on a bus, and the performance changes of the bus system (COP 1.2–2.2, refrigerating capacity 9.5–18 kW) under different charging rates (3–8 kg) were obtained.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2600transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> cyclebus air conditioning and heat pumpoptimal charging amountrefrigerant distribution |
| spellingShingle | Yulong Song Hongsheng Xie Mengying Yang Xiangyu Wei Feng Cao Xiang Yin A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System Energies transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> cycle bus air conditioning and heat pump optimal charging amount refrigerant distribution |
| title | A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System |
| title_sort | comprehensive assessment of the refrigerant charging amount on the global performance of a transcritical co sub 2 sub based bus air conditioning and heat pump system |
| topic | transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> cycle bus air conditioning and heat pump optimal charging amount refrigerant distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2600 |
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