Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application
The pharmacological actions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are quite substantial, and have recently attracted much attention. One of the principle benzylisoquinoline alkaloids has been found in the unripe seed capsules of <i>Papaver somniferum</i> L. Although it lacks analgesic effects...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3149 |
| _version_ | 1797607356418228224 |
|---|---|
| author | Sania Ashrafi Safaet Alam Arifa Sultana Asef Raj Nazim Uddin Emon Fahmida Tasnim Richi Tasnuva Sharmin Myunghan Moon Moon Nyeo Park Bonglee Kim |
| author_facet | Sania Ashrafi Safaet Alam Arifa Sultana Asef Raj Nazim Uddin Emon Fahmida Tasnim Richi Tasnuva Sharmin Myunghan Moon Moon Nyeo Park Bonglee Kim |
| author_sort | Sania Ashrafi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The pharmacological actions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are quite substantial, and have recently attracted much attention. One of the principle benzylisoquinoline alkaloids has been found in the unripe seed capsules of <i>Papaver somniferum</i> L. Although it lacks analgesic effects and is unrelated to the compounds in the morphine class, it is a peripheral vasodilator and has a direct effect on vessels. It is reported to inhibit the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase in smooth muscles, and it has been observed to increase intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP. It induces coronary, cerebral, and pulmonary artery dilatation and helps to lower cerebral vascular resistance and enhance cerebral blood flow. Current pharmacological research has revealed that papaverine demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including activity against erectile dysfunction, postoperative vasospasms, and pulmonary vasoconstriction, as well as antiviral, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and gestational actions. It was recently demonstrated that papaverine has the potential to control SARS-CoV-2 by preventing its cytopathic effect. These experiments were carried out both in vitro and in vivo and require an extensive understanding of the mechanisms of action. With its multiple mechanisms, papaverine can be considered as a natural compound that is used to develop therapeutic drugs. To validate its applications, additional research is required into its precise therapeutic mechanisms as well as its acute and chronic toxicities. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the major studies and reported clinical studies looking into the pharmacological effects of papaverine and the mechanisms of action underneath these effects. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct further research via significant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:29:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9f3b56a5f04e452886dcbea0021810d4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:29:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-9f3b56a5f04e452886dcbea0021810d42023-11-17T17:14:15ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-03-01287314910.3390/molecules28073149Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal ApplicationSania Ashrafi0Safaet Alam1Arifa Sultana2Asef Raj3Nazim Uddin Emon4Fahmida Tasnim Richi5Tasnuva Sharmin6Myunghan Moon7Moon Nyeo Park8Bonglee Kim9Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshDepartment of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaThe pharmacological actions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are quite substantial, and have recently attracted much attention. One of the principle benzylisoquinoline alkaloids has been found in the unripe seed capsules of <i>Papaver somniferum</i> L. Although it lacks analgesic effects and is unrelated to the compounds in the morphine class, it is a peripheral vasodilator and has a direct effect on vessels. It is reported to inhibit the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase in smooth muscles, and it has been observed to increase intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP. It induces coronary, cerebral, and pulmonary artery dilatation and helps to lower cerebral vascular resistance and enhance cerebral blood flow. Current pharmacological research has revealed that papaverine demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including activity against erectile dysfunction, postoperative vasospasms, and pulmonary vasoconstriction, as well as antiviral, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and gestational actions. It was recently demonstrated that papaverine has the potential to control SARS-CoV-2 by preventing its cytopathic effect. These experiments were carried out both in vitro and in vivo and require an extensive understanding of the mechanisms of action. With its multiple mechanisms, papaverine can be considered as a natural compound that is used to develop therapeutic drugs. To validate its applications, additional research is required into its precise therapeutic mechanisms as well as its acute and chronic toxicities. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the major studies and reported clinical studies looking into the pharmacological effects of papaverine and the mechanisms of action underneath these effects. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct further research via significant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3149<i>Papaver somniferum</i>opiumbenzylisoquinolinepapaverinealkaloidantiviral |
| spellingShingle | Sania Ashrafi Safaet Alam Arifa Sultana Asef Raj Nazim Uddin Emon Fahmida Tasnim Richi Tasnuva Sharmin Myunghan Moon Moon Nyeo Park Bonglee Kim Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application Molecules <i>Papaver somniferum</i> opium benzylisoquinoline papaverine alkaloid antiviral |
| title | Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application |
| title_full | Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application |
| title_fullStr | Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application |
| title_full_unstemmed | Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application |
| title_short | Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application |
| title_sort | papaverine a miraculous alkaloid from opium and its multimedicinal application |
| topic | <i>Papaver somniferum</i> opium benzylisoquinoline papaverine alkaloid antiviral |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3149 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saniaashrafi papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT safaetalam papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT arifasultana papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT asefraj papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT nazimuddinemon papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT fahmidatasnimrichi papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT tasnuvasharmin papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT myunghanmoon papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT moonnyeopark papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication AT bongleekim papaverineamiraculousalkaloidfromopiumanditsmultimedicinalapplication |