Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) serve as regulatory switches on immune-competent cells. Soluble ICPs consist of fragments derived from ICP molecules typically located on cell membranes. Research has demonstrated that they perform similar functions to their membrane-bound counterparts but are directly pres...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Michał Zych Aleksander Roszczyk Filip Dąbrowski Monika Kniotek Radosław Zagożdżon |
| author_facet | Michał Zych Aleksander Roszczyk Filip Dąbrowski Monika Kniotek Radosław Zagożdżon |
| author_sort | Michał Zych |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immune checkpoints (ICPs) serve as regulatory switches on immune-competent cells. Soluble ICPs consist of fragments derived from ICP molecules typically located on cell membranes. Research has demonstrated that they perform similar functions to their membrane-bound counterparts but are directly present in the bloodstream. Effective control of the maternal immune system is vital for a successful pregnancy due to genetic differences between the mother and fetus. Abnormalities in the immune response are widely acknowledged as the primary cause of spontaneous abortions. In our research, we introduce a novel approach to understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms underlying recurrent miscarriages and explore new possibilities for diagnosing and preventing pregnancy loss. The female participants in the study were divided into three groups: RSA (recurrent spontaneous abortion), pregnant, and non-pregnant women. The analysis of soluble forms of immune checkpoints and their ligands in the serum of the study groups was conducted using the Luminex method Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of (ICPs) were observed between physiological pregnancies and the RSA group. Among patients with RSA, we noted reduced concentrations of sGalectin-9, sTIM-3, and sCD155, along with elevated concentrations of LAG-3, sCD80, and sCD86 ICPs, in comparison to physiological pregnancies. Our study indicates that sGalectin-9, TIM-3, sLAG-3, sCD80, sCD86, sVISTA, sNectin-2, and sCD155 could potentially serve as biological markers of a healthy, physiological pregnancy. These findings suggest that changes in the concentrations of soluble immune checkpoints may have the potential to act as markers for early pregnancy loss. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:05:32Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:05:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-9f969ebfb1894af39529ba0434066ccc2024-01-10T14:59:45ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-12-0125149910.3390/ijms25010499Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary StudyMichał Zych0Aleksander Roszczyk1Filip Dąbrowski2Monika Kniotek3Radosław Zagożdżon4Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, PolandDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, PolandDepartment of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Ceglowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, PolandDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, PolandDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, PolandImmune checkpoints (ICPs) serve as regulatory switches on immune-competent cells. Soluble ICPs consist of fragments derived from ICP molecules typically located on cell membranes. Research has demonstrated that they perform similar functions to their membrane-bound counterparts but are directly present in the bloodstream. Effective control of the maternal immune system is vital for a successful pregnancy due to genetic differences between the mother and fetus. Abnormalities in the immune response are widely acknowledged as the primary cause of spontaneous abortions. In our research, we introduce a novel approach to understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms underlying recurrent miscarriages and explore new possibilities for diagnosing and preventing pregnancy loss. The female participants in the study were divided into three groups: RSA (recurrent spontaneous abortion), pregnant, and non-pregnant women. The analysis of soluble forms of immune checkpoints and their ligands in the serum of the study groups was conducted using the Luminex method Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of (ICPs) were observed between physiological pregnancies and the RSA group. Among patients with RSA, we noted reduced concentrations of sGalectin-9, sTIM-3, and sCD155, along with elevated concentrations of LAG-3, sCD80, and sCD86 ICPs, in comparison to physiological pregnancies. Our study indicates that sGalectin-9, TIM-3, sLAG-3, sCD80, sCD86, sVISTA, sNectin-2, and sCD155 could potentially serve as biological markers of a healthy, physiological pregnancy. These findings suggest that changes in the concentrations of soluble immune checkpoints may have the potential to act as markers for early pregnancy loss.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/1/499soluble immune checkpointsimmune checkpointsmiscarriagepregnancy lossPD-1RSA |
| spellingShingle | Michał Zych Aleksander Roszczyk Filip Dąbrowski Monika Kniotek Radosław Zagożdżon Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study International Journal of Molecular Sciences soluble immune checkpoints immune checkpoints miscarriage pregnancy loss PD-1 RSA |
| title | Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study |
| title_full | Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study |
| title_fullStr | Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study |
| title_short | Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss—A Preliminary Study |
| title_sort | soluble forms of immune checkpoints and their ligands as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of recurrent pregnancy loss a preliminary study |
| topic | soluble immune checkpoints immune checkpoints miscarriage pregnancy loss PD-1 RSA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/1/499 |
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