Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
In recent years, there has been a remarkable development in the technology and legislation related to electric and autonomous vehicles (i.e., EVs/AVs). This technological advancement requires the deployment of the most up-to-date supporting infrastructure to achieve safe operation. Further infrastru...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9104 |
| _version_ | 1797457846384721920 |
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| author | Mihailo Jovanović Tomás de J. Mateo Sanguino Milanko Damjanović Milena Đukanović Nikolas Thomopoulos |
| author_facet | Mihailo Jovanović Tomás de J. Mateo Sanguino Milanko Damjanović Milena Đukanović Nikolas Thomopoulos |
| author_sort | Mihailo Jovanović |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent years, there has been a remarkable development in the technology and legislation related to electric and autonomous vehicles (i.e., EVs/AVs). This technological advancement requires the deployment of the most up-to-date supporting infrastructure to achieve safe operation. Further infrastructure is needed for Level 5 vehicles, namely the introduction of super-fast wireless 5G technology. To achieve harmony between the rapid technological advancement of EVs/AVs and environmental preservation, enacting legislation related to their sustainable use is vital. Thus, this manuscript provides a review of the technological development of EVs/AVs, with a special focus on carbon footprints and the implementation of additive manufacturing using recycled materials. While EVs have a 12.13% increased carbon footprint compared to conventional vehicles, AVs with basic and advanced intelligence features have an increased carbon footprint of 41.43% and 99.65%, respectively. This article emphasizes that the integration of 3D-printed components has the potential to offset this impact with a substantial 60% reduction. As a result, custom-made solutions involving 3D printing are explored, leading to greater speed, customization, and cost-effectiveness for EVs/AVs. This article also lists the advantages and disadvantages of the existing legislation in Spain, the United Kingdom, and the western Balkans, demonstrating various approaches to promoting electric mobility and the development of autonomous vehicles. In Spain, initiatives like the MOVES program incentivize EV adoption, while the UK focuses on expanding the EV market and addressing concerns about EVs’ quiet operation. In the western Balkans, the adoption of legislation lags behind, with limited incentives and infrastructure for EVs. To boost sales, legal mechanisms are necessary to reduce costs and improve accessibility, in addition to offering subsidies for the purchase of EVs. To this end, an analysis of the incentive measures proposed for the development and use of renewable power sources for the supply of energy for EVs/AVs is presented. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:28:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9fabffcb6c1f4856a0fd6fb7ae7ead41 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:28:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-9fabffcb6c1f4856a0fd6fb7ae7ead412023-11-24T15:05:21ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-11-012322910410.3390/s23229104Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous VehiclesMihailo Jovanović0Tomás de J. Mateo Sanguino1Milanko Damjanović2Milena Đukanović3Nikolas Thomopoulos4Faculty of Management Herceg Novi, University Adriatik, Zemunska 143, 85348 Meljine, MontenegroEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Huelva, Av. de las Artes, s/n, 21007 Huelva, SpainFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vasingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, MontenegroFaculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vasingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, MontenegroDepartment of Tourism and Transport, School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKIn recent years, there has been a remarkable development in the technology and legislation related to electric and autonomous vehicles (i.e., EVs/AVs). This technological advancement requires the deployment of the most up-to-date supporting infrastructure to achieve safe operation. Further infrastructure is needed for Level 5 vehicles, namely the introduction of super-fast wireless 5G technology. To achieve harmony between the rapid technological advancement of EVs/AVs and environmental preservation, enacting legislation related to their sustainable use is vital. Thus, this manuscript provides a review of the technological development of EVs/AVs, with a special focus on carbon footprints and the implementation of additive manufacturing using recycled materials. While EVs have a 12.13% increased carbon footprint compared to conventional vehicles, AVs with basic and advanced intelligence features have an increased carbon footprint of 41.43% and 99.65%, respectively. This article emphasizes that the integration of 3D-printed components has the potential to offset this impact with a substantial 60% reduction. As a result, custom-made solutions involving 3D printing are explored, leading to greater speed, customization, and cost-effectiveness for EVs/AVs. This article also lists the advantages and disadvantages of the existing legislation in Spain, the United Kingdom, and the western Balkans, demonstrating various approaches to promoting electric mobility and the development of autonomous vehicles. In Spain, initiatives like the MOVES program incentivize EV adoption, while the UK focuses on expanding the EV market and addressing concerns about EVs’ quiet operation. In the western Balkans, the adoption of legislation lags behind, with limited incentives and infrastructure for EVs. To boost sales, legal mechanisms are necessary to reduce costs and improve accessibility, in addition to offering subsidies for the purchase of EVs. To this end, an analysis of the incentive measures proposed for the development and use of renewable power sources for the supply of energy for EVs/AVs is presented.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9104electric and autonomous vehiclesenvironmental protectioncarbon emissionsadditive manufacturingregulations |
| spellingShingle | Mihailo Jovanović Tomás de J. Mateo Sanguino Milanko Damjanović Milena Đukanović Nikolas Thomopoulos Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles Sensors electric and autonomous vehicles environmental protection carbon emissions additive manufacturing regulations |
| title | Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles |
| title_full | Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles |
| title_short | Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles |
| title_sort | driving sustainability carbon footprint 3d printing and legislation concerning electric and autonomous vehicles |
| topic | electric and autonomous vehicles environmental protection carbon emissions additive manufacturing regulations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9104 |
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