Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium
Background Variation in floral shapes has long fascinated biologists and its modelling enables testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Recent comparative studies that explore floral shape have largely ignored 3D floral shape. We propose quantifying floral shape by using geometric morphometrics on a virt...
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| Format: | Article |
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PeerJ Inc.
2020-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/8823.pdf |
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| author | Sara J. van de Kerke Tiemen van Engelenhoven Anne L. van Es Laura Schat Lisa M. van Son Sverre Vink Lia Hemerik Robin van Velzen M. Eric Schranz Freek T. Bakker |
| author_facet | Sara J. van de Kerke Tiemen van Engelenhoven Anne L. van Es Laura Schat Lisa M. van Son Sverre Vink Lia Hemerik Robin van Velzen M. Eric Schranz Freek T. Bakker |
| author_sort | Sara J. van de Kerke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Variation in floral shapes has long fascinated biologists and its modelling enables testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Recent comparative studies that explore floral shape have largely ignored 3D floral shape. We propose quantifying floral shape by using geometric morphometrics on a virtual3D model reconstructed from 2D photographical data and demonstrate its performance in capturing shape variation. Methods This approach offers unique benefits to complement established imaging techniques (i) by enabling adequate coverage of the potential morphospace of large and diverse flowering-plant clades; (ii) by circumventing asynchronicity in anthesis of different floral parts; and (iii) by incorporating variation in copy number of floral organs within structures. We demonstrate our approach by analysing 90 florally-diverse species of the Southern African genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). We quantify Pelargonium floral shapes using 117 landmarks and show similarities in reconstructed morphospaces for nectar tube, corolla (2D datasets), and a combined virtual3D dataset. Results Our results indicate that Pelargonium species differ in floral shape, which can also vary extensively within a species. PCA results of the reconstructed virtual3D floral models are highly congruent with the separate 2D morphospaces, indicating it is an accurate, virtual, representation of floral shape. Through our approach, we find that adding the third dimension to the data is crucial to accurately interpret the manner of, as well as levels of, shape variation in flowers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:49:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9fb3c516f5dd453fb2aa6528af86d77e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:49:28Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PeerJ |
| spelling | doaj.art-9fb3c516f5dd453fb2aa6528af86d77e2023-12-03T10:29:27ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592020-04-018e882310.7717/peerj.8823Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for PelargoniumSara J. van de Kerke0Tiemen van Engelenhoven1Anne L. van Es2Laura Schat3Lisa M. van Son4Sverre Vink5Lia Hemerik6Robin van Velzen7M. Eric Schranz8Freek T. Bakker9Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiometris, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsBackground Variation in floral shapes has long fascinated biologists and its modelling enables testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Recent comparative studies that explore floral shape have largely ignored 3D floral shape. We propose quantifying floral shape by using geometric morphometrics on a virtual3D model reconstructed from 2D photographical data and demonstrate its performance in capturing shape variation. Methods This approach offers unique benefits to complement established imaging techniques (i) by enabling adequate coverage of the potential morphospace of large and diverse flowering-plant clades; (ii) by circumventing asynchronicity in anthesis of different floral parts; and (iii) by incorporating variation in copy number of floral organs within structures. We demonstrate our approach by analysing 90 florally-diverse species of the Southern African genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). We quantify Pelargonium floral shapes using 117 landmarks and show similarities in reconstructed morphospaces for nectar tube, corolla (2D datasets), and a combined virtual3D dataset. Results Our results indicate that Pelargonium species differ in floral shape, which can also vary extensively within a species. PCA results of the reconstructed virtual3D floral models are highly congruent with the separate 2D morphospaces, indicating it is an accurate, virtual, representation of floral shape. Through our approach, we find that adding the third dimension to the data is crucial to accurately interpret the manner of, as well as levels of, shape variation in flowers.https://peerj.com/articles/8823.pdfGeometric morphometricsPelargoniumFloral shapeVirtual3DMorphospaceBootstrap |
| spellingShingle | Sara J. van de Kerke Tiemen van Engelenhoven Anne L. van Es Laura Schat Lisa M. van Son Sverre Vink Lia Hemerik Robin van Velzen M. Eric Schranz Freek T. Bakker Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium PeerJ Geometric morphometrics Pelargonium Floral shape Virtual3D Morphospace Bootstrap |
| title | Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium |
| title_full | Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium |
| title_fullStr | Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium |
| title_full_unstemmed | Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium |
| title_short | Capturing variation in floral shape: a virtual3D based morphospace for Pelargonium |
| title_sort | capturing variation in floral shape a virtual3d based morphospace for pelargonium |
| topic | Geometric morphometrics Pelargonium Floral shape Virtual3D Morphospace Bootstrap |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/8823.pdf |
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