Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study
Three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms were developed as temporary scaffolds for three-dimensional tissue regeneration applications. Three-dimensional biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms including various degrees of interlaced structures called 3...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/9/2083 |
| _version_ | 1797601827689070592 |
|---|---|
| author | Hikmet Kundak Kadir Bilisik |
| author_facet | Hikmet Kundak Kadir Bilisik |
| author_sort | Hikmet Kundak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms were developed as temporary scaffolds for three-dimensional tissue regeneration applications. Three-dimensional biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms including various degrees of interlaced structures called 3D plain, semi-interlaced, and orthogonal woven preforms were designed. Analytical relations and finite element model-based software (TexGen) on fiber volume fraction and porosity fraction were proposed to predict scaffolds’ stiffness and strength properties considering micromechanics relations. It was revealed that yarn-to-yarn space, density, and angles of all 3D PGA fiber preforms were heterogeneous and demonstrated direction-dependent features (anisotropy). Total fiber volume fractions (<i>V<sub>fp</sub></i>) and porosity fraction (<i>V<sub>tpr</sub></i>) predicted by analytic and numerical modelling of all 3D scaffolds showed some deviations compared to the measured values. This was because yarn cross-sections in the scaffolds were changed from ideal circular yarn (fiber TOW) geometry to high-order ellipse (lenticular) due to inter-fiber pressure generated under a tensile-based macrostress environment during preform formation. Z-yarn modulus (<i>E<sub>z-yarn</sub></i>) and strength (<i>σ<sub>z-yarn</sub></i>) were probably critical values due to strong stiffness and strength in the through-the-thickness direction where hydrogel modulus and strengths were negligibly small. Morphology of the scaffold showed that PGA fiber sets in the preform were locally distorted, and they appeared as inconsistent and inhomogeneous continuous fiber forms. Additionally, various porosity shapes in the preform based on the virtual model featured complex shapes from nearly trapezoidal beams to partial or concave rectangular beams and ellipsoid rectangular cylinders. It was concluded that 3D polyglycolic acid fiber preforms could be a temporary supportive substrate for 3D tissue regeneration because cells in the scaffold’s thickness can grow via through-the-thickness fiber (z-yarn), including various possible mechanobiology mechanisms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:09:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9fc6fd79eac14f099957539536e047d0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:09:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-9fc6fd79eac14f099957539536e047d02023-11-17T23:34:57ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-04-01159208310.3390/polym15092083Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling StudyHikmet Kundak0Kadir Bilisik1Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Talas 38039, Kayseri, TurkeyNano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Talas 38039, Kayseri, TurkeyThree-dimensional (3D) biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms were developed as temporary scaffolds for three-dimensional tissue regeneration applications. Three-dimensional biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms including various degrees of interlaced structures called 3D plain, semi-interlaced, and orthogonal woven preforms were designed. Analytical relations and finite element model-based software (TexGen) on fiber volume fraction and porosity fraction were proposed to predict scaffolds’ stiffness and strength properties considering micromechanics relations. It was revealed that yarn-to-yarn space, density, and angles of all 3D PGA fiber preforms were heterogeneous and demonstrated direction-dependent features (anisotropy). Total fiber volume fractions (<i>V<sub>fp</sub></i>) and porosity fraction (<i>V<sub>tpr</sub></i>) predicted by analytic and numerical modelling of all 3D scaffolds showed some deviations compared to the measured values. This was because yarn cross-sections in the scaffolds were changed from ideal circular yarn (fiber TOW) geometry to high-order ellipse (lenticular) due to inter-fiber pressure generated under a tensile-based macrostress environment during preform formation. Z-yarn modulus (<i>E<sub>z-yarn</sub></i>) and strength (<i>σ<sub>z-yarn</sub></i>) were probably critical values due to strong stiffness and strength in the through-the-thickness direction where hydrogel modulus and strengths were negligibly small. Morphology of the scaffold showed that PGA fiber sets in the preform were locally distorted, and they appeared as inconsistent and inhomogeneous continuous fiber forms. Additionally, various porosity shapes in the preform based on the virtual model featured complex shapes from nearly trapezoidal beams to partial or concave rectangular beams and ellipsoid rectangular cylinders. It was concluded that 3D polyglycolic acid fiber preforms could be a temporary supportive substrate for 3D tissue regeneration because cells in the scaffold’s thickness can grow via through-the-thickness fiber (z-yarn), including various possible mechanobiology mechanisms.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/9/20833D orthogonal preformpolyglycolic acid (PGA) fiberfiber volume–porosity fractionstiffness and strengthscaffolds |
| spellingShingle | Hikmet Kundak Kadir Bilisik Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study Polymers 3D orthogonal preform polyglycolic acid (PGA) fiber fiber volume–porosity fraction stiffness and strength scaffolds |
| title | Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study |
| title_full | Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study |
| title_fullStr | Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study |
| title_short | Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study |
| title_sort | development of three dimensional 3d biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber pga preforms for scaffold applications experimental patterning and fiber volume fraction porosity modeling study |
| topic | 3D orthogonal preform polyglycolic acid (PGA) fiber fiber volume–porosity fraction stiffness and strength scaffolds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/9/2083 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hikmetkundak developmentofthreedimensional3dbiodegradablepolyglycolicacidfiberpgapreformsforscaffoldapplicationsexperimentalpatterningandfibervolumefractionporositymodelingstudy AT kadirbilisik developmentofthreedimensional3dbiodegradablepolyglycolicacidfiberpgapreformsforscaffoldapplicationsexperimentalpatterningandfibervolumefractionporositymodelingstudy |