Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance
The cancer mortality rate has increased, and conventional cancer treatments are known for having many side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find a new therapeutic agent or modify the existing therapeutic agents for better performance and efficiency. Herein, a synergetic phototherapeutic agent...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/12/1295 |
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| author | Thabang Calvin Lebepe Sundararajan Parani Vuyelwa Ncapayi Rodney Maluleke Grace It Mwad Mbaz Olufunto Tolulope Fanoro Jose Rajendran Varghese Atsuki Komiya Tetsuya Kodama Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi |
| author_facet | Thabang Calvin Lebepe Sundararajan Parani Vuyelwa Ncapayi Rodney Maluleke Grace It Mwad Mbaz Olufunto Tolulope Fanoro Jose Rajendran Varghese Atsuki Komiya Tetsuya Kodama Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi |
| author_sort | Thabang Calvin Lebepe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The cancer mortality rate has increased, and conventional cancer treatments are known for having many side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find a new therapeutic agent or modify the existing therapeutic agents for better performance and efficiency. Herein, a synergetic phototherapeutic agent based on a combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapy is proposed. The phototherapeutic agent consists of water-soluble cationic porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(<i>N</i>-methylpyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin, TMePyP), and gold nanorods (AuNRs) anchored on graphene-oxide (GO) sheet. The TMePyP was initially synthesized by Adler method, followed by methylation, while GO and AuNRs were synthesized using Hummer’s and seed-mediated methods, respectively. The structural and optical properties of TMePyP were confirmed using UV-Vis, zeta analyzer, PL, FTIR and NMR. The formation of both GO and AuNRs was confirmed by UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR, TEM and zeta analyzer. TMePyP and AuNRs were anchored on GO to form GO@AuNRs-TMePyP nanocomposite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite was stable in RPMI and PBS medium, and, on irradiation, produced high heat than the bare AuNRs, with high photothermal efficiency. In addition, the nanocomposite produced higher singlet oxygen than TMePyP with high biocompatibility in the absence of light. These results indicated that the as-synthesized nanocomposite is a promising dual photodynamic and photothermal agent for cancer therapy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:20:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a0097eeb99d74b5fab1f5598d8e7dd16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:20:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-a0097eeb99d74b5fab1f5598d8e7dd162023-11-23T10:03:43ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472021-12-011412129510.3390/ph14121295Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy PerformanceThabang Calvin Lebepe0Sundararajan Parani1Vuyelwa Ncapayi2Rodney Maluleke3Grace It Mwad Mbaz4Olufunto Tolulope Fanoro5Jose Rajendran Varghese6Atsuki Komiya7Tetsuya Kodama8Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi9Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaCentre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaInstitute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, JapanGraduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, JapanDepartment of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaThe cancer mortality rate has increased, and conventional cancer treatments are known for having many side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find a new therapeutic agent or modify the existing therapeutic agents for better performance and efficiency. Herein, a synergetic phototherapeutic agent based on a combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapy is proposed. The phototherapeutic agent consists of water-soluble cationic porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(<i>N</i>-methylpyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin, TMePyP), and gold nanorods (AuNRs) anchored on graphene-oxide (GO) sheet. The TMePyP was initially synthesized by Adler method, followed by methylation, while GO and AuNRs were synthesized using Hummer’s and seed-mediated methods, respectively. The structural and optical properties of TMePyP were confirmed using UV-Vis, zeta analyzer, PL, FTIR and NMR. The formation of both GO and AuNRs was confirmed by UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR, TEM and zeta analyzer. TMePyP and AuNRs were anchored on GO to form GO@AuNRs-TMePyP nanocomposite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite was stable in RPMI and PBS medium, and, on irradiation, produced high heat than the bare AuNRs, with high photothermal efficiency. In addition, the nanocomposite produced higher singlet oxygen than TMePyP with high biocompatibility in the absence of light. These results indicated that the as-synthesized nanocomposite is a promising dual photodynamic and photothermal agent for cancer therapy.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/12/1295graphene oxidegold nanorodsTMePyPphotothermalsinglet oxygencytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Thabang Calvin Lebepe Sundararajan Parani Vuyelwa Ncapayi Rodney Maluleke Grace It Mwad Mbaz Olufunto Tolulope Fanoro Jose Rajendran Varghese Atsuki Komiya Tetsuya Kodama Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance Pharmaceuticals graphene oxide gold nanorods TMePyP photothermal singlet oxygen cytotoxicity |
| title | Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance |
| title_full | Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance |
| title_fullStr | Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance |
| title_short | Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance |
| title_sort | graphene oxide gold nanorods nanocomposite porphyrin conjugate as promising tool for cancer phototherapy performance |
| topic | graphene oxide gold nanorods TMePyP photothermal singlet oxygen cytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/12/1295 |
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