Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes
Objective The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion–fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Animal Bioscience |
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| Online Access: | http://www.animbiosci.org/upload/pdf/ab-21-0498.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811268797450944512 |
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| author | Shih-Hua Lo Ching-Yi Chen Han-Tsung Wang |
| author_facet | Shih-Hua Lo Ching-Yi Chen Han-Tsung Wang |
| author_sort | Shih-Hua Lo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion–fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH3-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T21:29:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a01642a297be4cd09e1096f69f7b4f69 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2765-0189 2765-0235 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T21:29:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animal Bioscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-a01642a297be4cd09e1096f69f7b4f692022-12-22T03:16:05ZengAsian-Australasian Association of Animal Production SocietiesAnimal Bioscience2765-01892765-02352022-10-0135101592160510.5713/ab.21.049824867Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakesShih-Hua Lo0Ching-Yi Chen1Han-Tsung Wang2 Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, TaiwanObjective The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion–fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH3-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.http://www.animbiosci.org/upload/pdf/ab-21-0498.pdfdietary protein manipulation fermentationodor emissionpigsimulated digestion |
| spellingShingle | Shih-Hua Lo Ching-Yi Chen Han-Tsung Wang Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes Animal Bioscience dietary protein manipulation fermentation odor emission pig simulated digestion |
| title | Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes |
| title_full | Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes |
| title_fullStr | Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes |
| title_short | Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes |
| title_sort | three step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes |
| topic | dietary protein manipulation fermentation odor emission pig simulated digestion |
| url | http://www.animbiosci.org/upload/pdf/ab-21-0498.pdf |
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