Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach
Weedy rice infestation has become a major problem in all rice-growing countries, especially in Malaysia. Challenges remain in finding a rapid technique to identify the weedy rice seeds that tend to pose similar taxonomic and physiological features as the cultivated rice seeds. This study presents im...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/645 |
| _version_ | 1797502324920287232 |
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| author | Rashidah Ruslan Siti Khairunniza-Bejo Mahirah Jahari Mohd Firdaus Ibrahim |
| author_facet | Rashidah Ruslan Siti Khairunniza-Bejo Mahirah Jahari Mohd Firdaus Ibrahim |
| author_sort | Rashidah Ruslan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Weedy rice infestation has become a major problem in all rice-growing countries, especially in Malaysia. Challenges remain in finding a rapid technique to identify the weedy rice seeds that tend to pose similar taxonomic and physiological features as the cultivated rice seeds. This study presents image processing and machine learning techniques to classify weedy rice seed variants and cultivated rice seeds. A machine vision unit was set up for image acquisition using an area scan camera for the Red, Green and Blue (RGB) and monochrome images of five cultivated rice varieties and a weedy rice seed variant. Sixty-seven features from the RGB and monochrome images of the seed kernels were extracted from three primary parameters, namely morphology, colour and texture, and were used as the input for machine learning. Seven machine learning classifiers were used, and the classification performance was evaluated. Analyses of the best model were based on the overall performance measures, such as the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the average correct classification of the classifiers that best described the unbalanced dataset. Results showed that the best optimum model was developed by the RGB image using the logistic regression (LR) model that achieved 85.3% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 97.9% accuracy and 92.4% average correct classification utilising all the 67 features. In conclusion, this study has proved that the features extracted from the RGB images have higher sensitivity and accuracy in identifying the weedy rice seeds than the monochrome images by using image processing and a machine learning technique with the selected colour, morphological and textural features. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a016e1e0ae6440c2b17ea45cfd433772 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-a016e1e0ae6440c2b17ea45cfd4337722023-11-23T09:39:31ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-04-0112564510.3390/agriculture12050645Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning ApproachRashidah Ruslan0Siti Khairunniza-Bejo1Mahirah Jahari2Mohd Firdaus Ibrahim3Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, MalaysiaWeedy rice infestation has become a major problem in all rice-growing countries, especially in Malaysia. Challenges remain in finding a rapid technique to identify the weedy rice seeds that tend to pose similar taxonomic and physiological features as the cultivated rice seeds. This study presents image processing and machine learning techniques to classify weedy rice seed variants and cultivated rice seeds. A machine vision unit was set up for image acquisition using an area scan camera for the Red, Green and Blue (RGB) and monochrome images of five cultivated rice varieties and a weedy rice seed variant. Sixty-seven features from the RGB and monochrome images of the seed kernels were extracted from three primary parameters, namely morphology, colour and texture, and were used as the input for machine learning. Seven machine learning classifiers were used, and the classification performance was evaluated. Analyses of the best model were based on the overall performance measures, such as the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the average correct classification of the classifiers that best described the unbalanced dataset. Results showed that the best optimum model was developed by the RGB image using the logistic regression (LR) model that achieved 85.3% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 97.9% accuracy and 92.4% average correct classification utilising all the 67 features. In conclusion, this study has proved that the features extracted from the RGB images have higher sensitivity and accuracy in identifying the weedy rice seeds than the monochrome images by using image processing and a machine learning technique with the selected colour, morphological and textural features.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/645machine visionweedy ricepaddy seedseed qualityclassification |
| spellingShingle | Rashidah Ruslan Siti Khairunniza-Bejo Mahirah Jahari Mohd Firdaus Ibrahim Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach Agriculture machine vision weedy rice paddy seed seed quality classification |
| title | Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach |
| title_full | Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach |
| title_fullStr | Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach |
| title_short | Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach |
| title_sort | weedy rice classification using image processing and a machine learning approach |
| topic | machine vision weedy rice paddy seed seed quality classification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/645 |
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