Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC)
Antimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge, not only for public health, but also for sustainable agriculture. Antibiotics used in humans should be ruled out for use in veterinary or agricultural settings. Applying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) molecules, produced by soil-born organ...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/342 |
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| author | András Fodor Maxime Gualtieri Matthias Zeller Eustachio Tarasco Michael G. Klein Andrea M. Fodor Leroy Haynes Katalin Lengyel Steven A. Forst Ghazala M. Furgani Levente Karaffa Tibor Vellai |
| author_facet | András Fodor Maxime Gualtieri Matthias Zeller Eustachio Tarasco Michael G. Klein Andrea M. Fodor Leroy Haynes Katalin Lengyel Steven A. Forst Ghazala M. Furgani Levente Karaffa Tibor Vellai |
| author_sort | András Fodor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge, not only for public health, but also for sustainable agriculture. Antibiotics used in humans should be ruled out for use in veterinary or agricultural settings. Applying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) molecules, produced by soil-born organisms for protecting (soil-born) plants, seems a preferable alternative. The natural role of peptide-antimicrobials, produced by the prokaryotic partner of entomopathogenic-nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic associations, is to sustain monoxenic conditions for the EPB in the gut of the semi-anabiotic infective dauer juvenile (IJ) EPN. They keep pathobiome conditions balanced for the EPN/EPB complex in polyxenic (soil, vanquished insect cadaver) niches. <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> DSM16338(T) (EMC), and <i>X. budapestensis</i> DSM16342(T) (EMA), are the respective natural symbionts of EPN species <i>Steinernema rarum</i> and S. <i>bicornutum.</i> We identified and characterized both of these 15 years ago. The functional annotation of the draft genome of EMC revealed 71 genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and polyketide synthases. The large spatial <i>Xenorhabdus</i> AMP (fabclavine), was discovered in EMA, and its biosynthetic pathway in EMC. The AMPs produced by EMA and EMC are promising candidates for controlling MDR prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens (bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, protozoa). EMC releases large quantity of iodinin (1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide) in a water-soluble form into the media, where it condenses to form spectacular water-insoluble, macroscopic crystals. This review evaluates the scientific impact of international research on EMA and EMC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:03:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a018e4bb9678425db04a9a6a608a0c01 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:03:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-a018e4bb9678425db04a9a6a608a0c012023-11-30T21:52:43ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-03-0111334210.3390/pathogens11030342Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC)András Fodor0Maxime Gualtieri1Matthias Zeller2Eustachio Tarasco3Michael G. Klein4Andrea M. Fodor5Leroy Haynes6Katalin Lengyel7Steven A. Forst8Ghazala M. Furgani9Levente Karaffa10Tibor Vellai11Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryNosopharm, 110 Allée Charles Babbage, Espace Innovation 2, 30000 Nîmes, FranceDepartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USADepartment of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, ItalyUSDA-ARS & Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 13416 Claremont Ave, Cleveland, OH 44130, USADepartment of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USADepartment of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USADepartment of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, HungaryDepartment of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryAntimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge, not only for public health, but also for sustainable agriculture. Antibiotics used in humans should be ruled out for use in veterinary or agricultural settings. Applying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) molecules, produced by soil-born organisms for protecting (soil-born) plants, seems a preferable alternative. The natural role of peptide-antimicrobials, produced by the prokaryotic partner of entomopathogenic-nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic associations, is to sustain monoxenic conditions for the EPB in the gut of the semi-anabiotic infective dauer juvenile (IJ) EPN. They keep pathobiome conditions balanced for the EPN/EPB complex in polyxenic (soil, vanquished insect cadaver) niches. <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> DSM16338(T) (EMC), and <i>X. budapestensis</i> DSM16342(T) (EMA), are the respective natural symbionts of EPN species <i>Steinernema rarum</i> and S. <i>bicornutum.</i> We identified and characterized both of these 15 years ago. The functional annotation of the draft genome of EMC revealed 71 genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and polyketide synthases. The large spatial <i>Xenorhabdus</i> AMP (fabclavine), was discovered in EMA, and its biosynthetic pathway in EMC. The AMPs produced by EMA and EMC are promising candidates for controlling MDR prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens (bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, protozoa). EMC releases large quantity of iodinin (1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide) in a water-soluble form into the media, where it condenses to form spectacular water-insoluble, macroscopic crystals. This review evaluates the scientific impact of international research on EMA and EMC.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/342<i>Xenorhabdus</i> 1NRP-AMP 2fabclavine 3iodinin 4exocrystal 5phenazine 6 |
| spellingShingle | András Fodor Maxime Gualtieri Matthias Zeller Eustachio Tarasco Michael G. Klein Andrea M. Fodor Leroy Haynes Katalin Lengyel Steven A. Forst Ghazala M. Furgani Levente Karaffa Tibor Vellai Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC) Pathogens <i>Xenorhabdus</i> 1 NRP-AMP 2 fabclavine 3 iodinin 4 exocrystal 5 phenazine 6 |
| title | Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC) |
| title_full | Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC) |
| title_fullStr | Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC) |
| title_short | Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii</i> (EMC) and <i>X. budapestensis</i> (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC) |
| title_sort | type strains of entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacterium species i xenorhabdus szentirmaii i emc and i x budapestensis i ema are exceptional sources of non ribosomal templated large target spectral thermotolerant antimicrobial peptides by both and iodinin by emc |
| topic | <i>Xenorhabdus</i> 1 NRP-AMP 2 fabclavine 3 iodinin 4 exocrystal 5 phenazine 6 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/342 |
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