Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may manifest during the prodromal period of the disease, even before motor symptoms appear. Therefore, it is suggested that...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | NeuroSci |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4087/4/2/13 |
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| author | Gabriel Torres-Pasillas Donají Chi-Castañeda Porfirio Carrillo-Castilla Gerardo Marín María Elena Hernández-Aguilar Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu Jorge Manzo Luis I. García |
| author_facet | Gabriel Torres-Pasillas Donají Chi-Castañeda Porfirio Carrillo-Castilla Gerardo Marín María Elena Hernández-Aguilar Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu Jorge Manzo Luis I. García |
| author_sort | Gabriel Torres-Pasillas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may manifest during the prodromal period of the disease, even before motor symptoms appear. Therefore, it is suggested that this symptom could be considered a marker of PD. This article briefly describes PD, the evolution of the knowledge about OD in PD, the prevalence of this NMS and its role in diagnosis and as a marker of PD progression, the assessment of olfaction in patients with PD, the role of α-synuclein and its aggregates in the pathophysiology of PD, and then describes some functional, morphological, and histological alterations observed in different structures related to the olfactory system, such as the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tract, piriform cortex, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala. In addition, considering the growing evidence that suggests that the cerebellum is also involved in the olfactory system, it has also been included in this work. Comprehending the existing functional and neuroanatomical alterations in PD could be relevant for a better understanding of the mechanisms behind OD in patients with this neurodegenerative disorder. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:05:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a01be727093d40998a9d2c0b42ca1f35 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-4087 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:05:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | NeuroSci |
| spelling | doaj.art-a01be727093d40998a9d2c0b42ca1f352023-11-18T11:54:51ZengMDPI AGNeuroSci2673-40872023-06-014213415110.3390/neurosci4020013Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical CorrelatesGabriel Torres-Pasillas0Donají Chi-Castañeda1Porfirio Carrillo-Castilla2Gerardo Marín3María Elena Hernández-Aguilar4Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu5Jorge Manzo6Luis I. García7Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoInstituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoNeural Dynamics and Modulation Lab, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USAInstituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, MexicoParkinson’s disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may manifest during the prodromal period of the disease, even before motor symptoms appear. Therefore, it is suggested that this symptom could be considered a marker of PD. This article briefly describes PD, the evolution of the knowledge about OD in PD, the prevalence of this NMS and its role in diagnosis and as a marker of PD progression, the assessment of olfaction in patients with PD, the role of α-synuclein and its aggregates in the pathophysiology of PD, and then describes some functional, morphological, and histological alterations observed in different structures related to the olfactory system, such as the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tract, piriform cortex, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala. In addition, considering the growing evidence that suggests that the cerebellum is also involved in the olfactory system, it has also been included in this work. Comprehending the existing functional and neuroanatomical alterations in PD could be relevant for a better understanding of the mechanisms behind OD in patients with this neurodegenerative disorder.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4087/4/2/13α-synucleinassessment of the olfactory systemnon-motor symptomsolfactory dysfunctionParkinson’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Gabriel Torres-Pasillas Donají Chi-Castañeda Porfirio Carrillo-Castilla Gerardo Marín María Elena Hernández-Aguilar Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu Jorge Manzo Luis I. García Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates NeuroSci α-synuclein assessment of the olfactory system non-motor symptoms olfactory dysfunction Parkinson’s disease |
| title | Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates |
| title_full | Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates |
| title_fullStr | Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates |
| title_short | Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates |
| title_sort | olfactory dysfunction in parkinson s disease its functional and neuroanatomical correlates |
| topic | α-synuclein assessment of the olfactory system non-motor symptoms olfactory dysfunction Parkinson’s disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4087/4/2/13 |
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