Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products
As a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables wer...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323014288 |
| _version_ | 1797350622478991360 |
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| author | Huihui Lei Junxia Wang Yueying Sun Zhijuan Wu Xiaofei Wang Yawei Wang Xuedong Wang |
| author_facet | Huihui Lei Junxia Wang Yueying Sun Zhijuan Wu Xiaofei Wang Yawei Wang Xuedong Wang |
| author_sort | Huihui Lei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. To further evaluate the interactions among variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed. Under optimized conditions (pH 5, [PS]0: [TCEP]0 = 500:1), the maximum removal efficiency (RE) of TCEP reached up to 90.6%. In real-world waters, the RE of TCEP spanned the range of 56%− 65% in river water, pond water, lake water and sanitary sewage. The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but the contrary case occurred when the high-concentration Cl-, NO3-, CO32-, HCO3-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, NH4+ and humic acid were present owing to their prominently quenching effects on SO4•-. Both EPR and scavenger experiments revealed that the main radicals in the TAP system were SO4•- and •OH, in which SO4•- played the most crucial role in TCEP degradation. GC-MS/MS analysis disclosed that two degradation products appeared, sourcing from the replacement, oxidation, hydroxylation and water-molecule elimination reactions. The other two products were inferred from the comprehensive literature. As for acute toxicity to fish, daphnid and green algae, product A displayed the slightly higher toxicity, whereas other three products exhibited the declining toxicity as compared to their parent molecule. These findings offer a theoretical/practical reference for high-efficiency removal of TCEP and its ecotoxicological risk evaluation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T12:47:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a033508d8043422a8aa9879e224390f4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T12:47:32Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-a033508d8043422a8aa9879e224390f42024-01-21T05:05:31ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132024-01-01270115924Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation productsHuihui Lei0Junxia Wang1Yueying Sun2Zhijuan Wu3Xiaofei Wang4Yawei Wang5Xuedong Wang6Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaCorresponding authors.; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaCorresponding authors.; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, ChinaAs a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. To further evaluate the interactions among variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed. Under optimized conditions (pH 5, [PS]0: [TCEP]0 = 500:1), the maximum removal efficiency (RE) of TCEP reached up to 90.6%. In real-world waters, the RE of TCEP spanned the range of 56%− 65% in river water, pond water, lake water and sanitary sewage. The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but the contrary case occurred when the high-concentration Cl-, NO3-, CO32-, HCO3-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, NH4+ and humic acid were present owing to their prominently quenching effects on SO4•-. Both EPR and scavenger experiments revealed that the main radicals in the TAP system were SO4•- and •OH, in which SO4•- played the most crucial role in TCEP degradation. GC-MS/MS analysis disclosed that two degradation products appeared, sourcing from the replacement, oxidation, hydroxylation and water-molecule elimination reactions. The other two products were inferred from the comprehensive literature. As for acute toxicity to fish, daphnid and green algae, product A displayed the slightly higher toxicity, whereas other three products exhibited the declining toxicity as compared to their parent molecule. These findings offer a theoretical/practical reference for high-efficiency removal of TCEP and its ecotoxicological risk evaluation.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323014288Thermally activated persulfateTris(2-chloroethyl) phosphateResponse-surface methodologyInterfering ionReal-world waterEcotoxicity assessment |
| spellingShingle | Huihui Lei Junxia Wang Yueying Sun Zhijuan Wu Xiaofei Wang Yawei Wang Xuedong Wang Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Thermally activated persulfate Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Response-surface methodology Interfering ion Real-world water Ecotoxicity assessment |
| title | Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products |
| title_full | Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products |
| title_fullStr | Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products |
| title_short | Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products |
| title_sort | thermally activated persulfate tap enhanced tris 2 chloroethyl phosphate removal in real world waters based on a response surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products |
| topic | Thermally activated persulfate Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Response-surface methodology Interfering ion Real-world water Ecotoxicity assessment |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323014288 |
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