Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review
The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children remains a significant challenge due to its paucibacillary nature, non-specificity of symptoms and suboptimal sensitivity of available diagnostic methods. In young children particularly, it is difficult to obtain high-quality sputum specimens f...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Pediatrics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.756043/full |
| _version_ | 1818919119730245632 |
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| author | Nisreen Khambati Laura Olbrich Laura Olbrich Laura Olbrich Jerrold Ellner Padmini Salgame Rinn Song Rinn Song Else Margreet Bijker |
| author_facet | Nisreen Khambati Laura Olbrich Laura Olbrich Laura Olbrich Jerrold Ellner Padmini Salgame Rinn Song Rinn Song Else Margreet Bijker |
| author_sort | Nisreen Khambati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children remains a significant challenge due to its paucibacillary nature, non-specificity of symptoms and suboptimal sensitivity of available diagnostic methods. In young children particularly, it is difficult to obtain high-quality sputum specimens for testing, with this group the least likely to be diagnosed, while most at risk of severe disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized research into rapid biomarker-based tests for TB using easily obtainable non-sputum samples, such as saliva. However, the role of biomarkers in saliva for diagnosing TB in children has not been fully explored. In this mini-review, we discuss the value of saliva as a diagnostic specimen in children given its ready availability and non-invasive nature of collection, and review the literature on the use of host-based biomarkers in saliva for diagnosing active pulmonary TB in adults and children. Based on available data from adult studies, we highlight that combinations of cytokines and other proteins show promise in reaching WHO-endorsed target product profiles for new TB triage tests. Given the lack of pediatric research on host biomarkers in saliva and the differing immune response to TB infection between children and adults, we recommend that pediatric studies are now performed to discover and validate salivary host biosignatures for diagnosing pulmonary TB in children. Future directions for pediatric saliva studies are discussed, with suggestions for technologies that can be applied for salivary biomarker discovery and point-of-care test development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T01:00:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a03d410e1581407eab1a03e30b6148fb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T01:00:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Pediatrics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a03d410e1581407eab1a03e30b6148fb2022-12-21T19:58:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pediatrics2296-23602021-10-01910.3389/fped.2021.756043756043Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-ReviewNisreen Khambati0Laura Olbrich1Laura Olbrich2Laura Olbrich3Jerrold Ellner4Padmini Salgame5Rinn Song6Rinn Song7Else Margreet Bijker8Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomDivision of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, GermanyGerman Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United StatesOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomDivision of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United StatesOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomThe diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children remains a significant challenge due to its paucibacillary nature, non-specificity of symptoms and suboptimal sensitivity of available diagnostic methods. In young children particularly, it is difficult to obtain high-quality sputum specimens for testing, with this group the least likely to be diagnosed, while most at risk of severe disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized research into rapid biomarker-based tests for TB using easily obtainable non-sputum samples, such as saliva. However, the role of biomarkers in saliva for diagnosing TB in children has not been fully explored. In this mini-review, we discuss the value of saliva as a diagnostic specimen in children given its ready availability and non-invasive nature of collection, and review the literature on the use of host-based biomarkers in saliva for diagnosing active pulmonary TB in adults and children. Based on available data from adult studies, we highlight that combinations of cytokines and other proteins show promise in reaching WHO-endorsed target product profiles for new TB triage tests. Given the lack of pediatric research on host biomarkers in saliva and the differing immune response to TB infection between children and adults, we recommend that pediatric studies are now performed to discover and validate salivary host biosignatures for diagnosing pulmonary TB in children. Future directions for pediatric saliva studies are discussed, with suggestions for technologies that can be applied for salivary biomarker discovery and point-of-care test development.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.756043/fullsalivatuberculosisbiomarkerdiagnosishost-specificity |
| spellingShingle | Nisreen Khambati Laura Olbrich Laura Olbrich Laura Olbrich Jerrold Ellner Padmini Salgame Rinn Song Rinn Song Else Margreet Bijker Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review Frontiers in Pediatrics saliva tuberculosis biomarker diagnosis host-specificity |
| title | Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review |
| title_full | Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review |
| title_fullStr | Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review |
| title_short | Host-Based Biomarkers in Saliva for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Mini-Review |
| title_sort | host based biomarkers in saliva for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children a mini review |
| topic | saliva tuberculosis biomarker diagnosis host-specificity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.756043/full |
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