The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability
The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1513 |
| _version_ | 1828522092187877376 |
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| author | Muhammad Maqsood Fabian Langensiepen Gunnar Seide |
| author_facet | Muhammad Maqsood Fabian Langensiepen Gunnar Seide |
| author_sort | Muhammad Maqsood |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5–20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2–33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3–5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6–37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T20:01:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a057179f4192420fad862b69ead21267 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T20:01:17Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-a057179f4192420fad862b69ead212672022-12-22T00:52:31ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-04-01248151310.3390/molecules24081513molecules24081513The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-SpinnabilityMuhammad Maqsood0Fabian Langensiepen1Gunnar Seide2Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The NetherlandsAachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The NetherlandsAachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The NetherlandsThe objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5–20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2–33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3–5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6–37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1513bio-resourcesintumescencemelt-spinningcone calorimetry |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Maqsood Fabian Langensiepen Gunnar Seide The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability Molecules bio-resources intumescence melt-spinning cone calorimetry |
| title | The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability |
| title_full | The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability |
| title_fullStr | The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability |
| title_short | The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of Their Melt-Spinnability |
| title_sort | efficiency of biobased carbonization agent and intumescent flame retardant on flame retardancy of biopolymer composites and investigation of their melt spinnability |
| topic | bio-resources intumescence melt-spinning cone calorimetry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1513 |
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