Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs
Viruses are widely distributed in various ecosystems and have important impacts on microbial evolution, community structure and function and nutrient cycling in the environment. Viral abundance, diversity and distribution are important for a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and have oft...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1429 |
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| author | Liangcan Zheng Xiaolong Liang Rongjiu Shi Ping Li Jinyi Zhao Guoqiao Li Shuang Wang Siqin Han Mark Radosevich Ying Zhang |
| author_facet | Liangcan Zheng Xiaolong Liang Rongjiu Shi Ping Li Jinyi Zhao Guoqiao Li Shuang Wang Siqin Han Mark Radosevich Ying Zhang |
| author_sort | Liangcan Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Viruses are widely distributed in various ecosystems and have important impacts on microbial evolution, community structure and function and nutrient cycling in the environment. Viral abundance, diversity and distribution are important for a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and have often been investigated in marine, soil, and other environments. Though microbes have proven useful in oil recovery under extreme conditions, little is known about virus community dynamics in such systems. In this study, injection water and production fluids were sampled in two blocks of the Daqing oilfield limited company where water flooding and microbial flooding were continuously used to improve oil recovery. Virus-like particles (VLPs) and bacteria in these samples were extracted and enumerated with epifluorescence microscopy, and viromes of these samples were also sequenced with Illumina Hiseq PE150. The results showed that a large number of viruses existed in the oil reservoir, and VLPs abundance of production wells was 3.9 ± 0.7 × 10<sup>8</sup> mL<sup>−1</sup> and virus to bacteria ratio (VBR) was 6.6 ± 1.1 during water flooding. Compared with water flooding, the production wells of microbial flooding had relative lower VLPs abundance (3.3 ± 0.3 × 10<sup>8</sup> mL<sup>−1</sup>) but higher VBR (7.9 ± 2.2). Assembled viral contigs were mapped to an in-house virus reference data separate from the GenBank non-redundant nucleotide (NT) database, and the sequences annotated as virus accounted for 35.34 and 55.04% of total sequences in samples of water flooding and microbial flooding, respectively. In water flooding, 7 and 6 viral families were identified in the injection and production wells, respectively. In microbial flooding, 6 viral families were identified in the injection and production wells. The total number of identified viral species in the injection well was higher than that in the production wells for both water flooding and microbial flooding. The Shannon diversity index was higher in the production well of water flooding than in the production well of microbial flooding. These results show that viruses are very abundant and diverse in the oil reservoir’s ecosystem, and future efforts are needed to reveal the potential function of viral communities in this extreme environment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:15:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a08059b2d03c448fb51e6f19cd337635 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:15:50Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-a08059b2d03c448fb51e6f19cd3376352023-11-20T14:04:33ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072020-09-0189142910.3390/microorganisms8091429Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil ReservoirsLiangcan Zheng0Xiaolong Liang1Rongjiu Shi2Ping Li3Jinyi Zhao4Guoqiao Li5Shuang Wang6Siqin Han7Mark Radosevich8Ying Zhang9Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USAKey Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaNo. 2 Oil Production Company, Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing 163414, ChinaNo. 2 Oil Production Company, Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing 163414, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USAKey Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaViruses are widely distributed in various ecosystems and have important impacts on microbial evolution, community structure and function and nutrient cycling in the environment. Viral abundance, diversity and distribution are important for a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and have often been investigated in marine, soil, and other environments. Though microbes have proven useful in oil recovery under extreme conditions, little is known about virus community dynamics in such systems. In this study, injection water and production fluids were sampled in two blocks of the Daqing oilfield limited company where water flooding and microbial flooding were continuously used to improve oil recovery. Virus-like particles (VLPs) and bacteria in these samples were extracted and enumerated with epifluorescence microscopy, and viromes of these samples were also sequenced with Illumina Hiseq PE150. The results showed that a large number of viruses existed in the oil reservoir, and VLPs abundance of production wells was 3.9 ± 0.7 × 10<sup>8</sup> mL<sup>−1</sup> and virus to bacteria ratio (VBR) was 6.6 ± 1.1 during water flooding. Compared with water flooding, the production wells of microbial flooding had relative lower VLPs abundance (3.3 ± 0.3 × 10<sup>8</sup> mL<sup>−1</sup>) but higher VBR (7.9 ± 2.2). Assembled viral contigs were mapped to an in-house virus reference data separate from the GenBank non-redundant nucleotide (NT) database, and the sequences annotated as virus accounted for 35.34 and 55.04% of total sequences in samples of water flooding and microbial flooding, respectively. In water flooding, 7 and 6 viral families were identified in the injection and production wells, respectively. In microbial flooding, 6 viral families were identified in the injection and production wells. The total number of identified viral species in the injection well was higher than that in the production wells for both water flooding and microbial flooding. The Shannon diversity index was higher in the production well of water flooding than in the production well of microbial flooding. These results show that viruses are very abundant and diverse in the oil reservoir’s ecosystem, and future efforts are needed to reveal the potential function of viral communities in this extreme environment.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1429production fluidsoil reservoirviral abundanceviral diversityVBR |
| spellingShingle | Liangcan Zheng Xiaolong Liang Rongjiu Shi Ping Li Jinyi Zhao Guoqiao Li Shuang Wang Siqin Han Mark Radosevich Ying Zhang Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs Microorganisms production fluids oil reservoir viral abundance viral diversity VBR |
| title | Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs |
| title_full | Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs |
| title_fullStr | Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs |
| title_short | Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs |
| title_sort | viral abundance and diversity of production fluids in oil reservoirs |
| topic | production fluids oil reservoir viral abundance viral diversity VBR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1429 |
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