Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS
<i>Alternaria</i> mycotoxins including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), are ubiquitous contaminants in agricultural products. A method for the simultaneous determination of these six t...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/12/824 |
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| author | So Young Woo Sang Yoo Lee Tae Kyun Jeong Su Mi Park Joong Hyuck Auh Han-Seung Shin Hyang Sook Chun |
| author_facet | So Young Woo Sang Yoo Lee Tae Kyun Jeong Su Mi Park Joong Hyuck Auh Han-Seung Shin Hyang Sook Chun |
| author_sort | So Young Woo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Alternaria</i> mycotoxins including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), are ubiquitous contaminants in agricultural products. A method for the simultaneous determination of these six toxins by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with solid phase extraction (SPE) was validated in rice, sesame, tomato, and apple juice matrices. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.999), the limit of detection (0.04–1.67 μg/kg), the limit of quantification (0.12–5.06 μg/kg), recovery (80.0–114.7%), and precision (<17.7%). The validated method was applied to monitor 152 marketed food samples in South Korea, as well as to investigate the co-occurrence and correlation between <i>Alternaria</i> toxins. The mean occurrence levels were 2.77 μg/kg for AOH, 4.36 μg/kg for AME, 0.14 μg/kg for ALT, 0.11 μg/kg for ATX-I, 0.43 μg/kg for TEN, and 104.56 μg/kg for TeA. Mean and extreme (95th percentile) daily dietary exposures of South Koreans to <i>Alternaria</i> toxins were estimated to be 22.93 ng/kg b.w./day and 86.07 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:53Z |
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| id | doaj.art-a085863ea7a046998d4580affe574fe0 |
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| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-a085863ea7a046998d4580affe574fe02023-11-24T18:26:24ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-11-01141282410.3390/toxins14120824Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MSSo Young Woo0Sang Yoo Lee1Tae Kyun Jeong2Su Mi Park3Joong Hyuck Auh4Han-Seung Shin5Hyang Sook Chun6School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of KoreaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea<i>Alternaria</i> mycotoxins including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), are ubiquitous contaminants in agricultural products. A method for the simultaneous determination of these six toxins by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with solid phase extraction (SPE) was validated in rice, sesame, tomato, and apple juice matrices. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.999), the limit of detection (0.04–1.67 μg/kg), the limit of quantification (0.12–5.06 μg/kg), recovery (80.0–114.7%), and precision (<17.7%). The validated method was applied to monitor 152 marketed food samples in South Korea, as well as to investigate the co-occurrence and correlation between <i>Alternaria</i> toxins. The mean occurrence levels were 2.77 μg/kg for AOH, 4.36 μg/kg for AME, 0.14 μg/kg for ALT, 0.11 μg/kg for ATX-I, 0.43 μg/kg for TEN, and 104.56 μg/kg for TeA. Mean and extreme (95th percentile) daily dietary exposures of South Koreans to <i>Alternaria</i> toxins were estimated to be 22.93 ng/kg b.w./day and 86.07 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/12/824<i>Alternaria</i> toxinsmethod validationoccurrencefood productsSouth Korea |
| spellingShingle | So Young Woo Sang Yoo Lee Tae Kyun Jeong Su Mi Park Joong Hyuck Auh Han-Seung Shin Hyang Sook Chun Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS Toxins <i>Alternaria</i> toxins method validation occurrence food products South Korea |
| title | Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS |
| title_full | Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS |
| title_fullStr | Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS |
| title_short | Natural Occurrence of <i>Alternaria</i> Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC–MS/MS |
| title_sort | natural occurrence of i alternaria i toxins in agricultural products and processed foods marketed in south korea by lc ms ms |
| topic | <i>Alternaria</i> toxins method validation occurrence food products South Korea |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/12/824 |
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