Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time
Temperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of <i>...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/3/460 |
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| author | Shuai Zhang Xiangdong Jia Xia Wang Jianyu Chen Can Cheng Xichuan Jia Haibo Hu |
| author_facet | Shuai Zhang Xiangdong Jia Xia Wang Jianyu Chen Can Cheng Xichuan Jia Haibo Hu |
| author_sort | Shuai Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Temperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> were separately pyrolyzed at 350, 450, 650, and 750 °C, and kept for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at each target temperature. We measured the fixed carbon and ash contents and the elemental composition (C, H, O and N) of the raw materials and their char samples. After plotting a Van Krevelen (VK) diagram to determine the aromatization of chars, the changes in the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that pyrolysis at temperatures between 450 and 750 °C accounted for the aromatization of biochar because the atomic H/C ratio of branch-based chars (BC) decreased from 0.53–0.59 to 0.15–0.18, and the ratio of leaf-based chars (LC) decreased from 0.56–0.68 to 0.20–0.22; the atomic O/C ratio of BC decreased from 0.22–0.27 to 0.08–0.11, while that of LC decreased from 0.26–0.28 to 0.18–0.21. Moreover, the average contents of N (1.89%) and ash (13%) in LC were evidently greater than that in BC (N:0.62%; Ash: 4%). Therefore, BC was superior to LC in terms of the stability of biochar. In addition, the increasing I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> and I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>(DR+GL)</sub> ratios in BC and LC indicated an increasing amount of the amorphous aromatic carbon structure with medium-sized (2~6 rings) fused benzene rings. According to the CPA analysis, an extension of the holding time significantly enhanced the increase in aromatic structures of LC with temperature. But this extension slightly reduced the growth in aromatic structures of BC. All indicate that holding time and feedstock types (branch or leaf feedstock) could significantly affect the variation in biochar aromatic structure with respect to temperature. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:50:56Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a09244aef236405eb66ae195ce14ffef2024-02-09T15:20:36ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-02-0113346010.3390/plants13030460Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding TimeShuai Zhang0Xiangdong Jia1Xia Wang2Jianyu Chen3Can Cheng4Xichuan Jia5Haibo Hu6College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaTemperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> were separately pyrolyzed at 350, 450, 650, and 750 °C, and kept for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at each target temperature. We measured the fixed carbon and ash contents and the elemental composition (C, H, O and N) of the raw materials and their char samples. After plotting a Van Krevelen (VK) diagram to determine the aromatization of chars, the changes in the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that pyrolysis at temperatures between 450 and 750 °C accounted for the aromatization of biochar because the atomic H/C ratio of branch-based chars (BC) decreased from 0.53–0.59 to 0.15–0.18, and the ratio of leaf-based chars (LC) decreased from 0.56–0.68 to 0.20–0.22; the atomic O/C ratio of BC decreased from 0.22–0.27 to 0.08–0.11, while that of LC decreased from 0.26–0.28 to 0.18–0.21. Moreover, the average contents of N (1.89%) and ash (13%) in LC were evidently greater than that in BC (N:0.62%; Ash: 4%). Therefore, BC was superior to LC in terms of the stability of biochar. In addition, the increasing I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> and I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>(DR+GL)</sub> ratios in BC and LC indicated an increasing amount of the amorphous aromatic carbon structure with medium-sized (2~6 rings) fused benzene rings. According to the CPA analysis, an extension of the holding time significantly enhanced the increase in aromatic structures of LC with temperature. But this extension slightly reduced the growth in aromatic structures of BC. All indicate that holding time and feedstock types (branch or leaf feedstock) could significantly affect the variation in biochar aromatic structure with respect to temperature.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/3/460aromatic structurebiochar stabilityholding timebranch and leaf feedstocksconditional process analysis |
| spellingShingle | Shuai Zhang Xiangdong Jia Xia Wang Jianyu Chen Can Cheng Xichuan Jia Haibo Hu Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time Plants aromatic structure biochar stability holding time branch and leaf feedstocks conditional process analysis |
| title | Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time |
| title_full | Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time |
| title_fullStr | Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time |
| title_full_unstemmed | Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time |
| title_short | Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time |
| title_sort | using the conditional process analysis model to characterize the evolution of carbon structure in i taxodium ascendens i biochar with varied pyrolysis temperature and holding time |
| topic | aromatic structure biochar stability holding time branch and leaf feedstocks conditional process analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/3/460 |
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