The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States
Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent virus with a worldwide distribution. It typically remains dormant in most individuals until reactivation. Immunocompromised states are known to be potential causes for CMV reactivation. Current research has shown a link in the decline of immigr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/3/101 |
| _version_ | 1797580621820723200 |
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| author | Matthew Hill Sayed Mostafa Perpetua M. Muganda Liesl K. Jeffers-Francis Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| author_facet | Matthew Hill Sayed Mostafa Perpetua M. Muganda Liesl K. Jeffers-Francis Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| author_sort | Matthew Hill |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent virus with a worldwide distribution. It typically remains dormant in most individuals until reactivation. Immunocompromised states are known to be potential causes for CMV reactivation. Current research has shown a link in the decline of immigrant health among those living in the US for an extended period, though the impact of CMV on this is not clear. Methods: This study investigated the association between country of birth, duration of US residency, allostatic load, and latent cytomegalovirus infection (CMV IgG) in a sample of US adults aged 20–49. The data utilized for our analysis was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2001 and 2004. Allostatic load, an index measuring the cumulative physiological strain on the body as it strives to regain stability in the presence of chronic stress, provided a valuable approach to assess stress within the context of CMV exposure. Logistic regression modeling was employed to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals for the analysis. The chi-square test of association and Cramer’s V statistic were used to assess the correlation among categorical variables, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied to evaluate the relationship between continuous variables. The results revealed that individuals born outside the US and those with less than 20 years of residency in the US exhibited significantly higher proportions of positive CMV IgG compared to individuals born in the US. Specifically, individuals born outside the US had more than triple the odds of CMV IgG when adjusting for the AL index (OR = 3.69, <i>p</i>-value = 0.0063). A similar trend was observed when examining AL risk based on the duration of US residency. Furthermore, age and sex were identified as significant predictors (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05) of AL risk, considering the individual’s country of birth. In summary, the findings of this study significantly enhance our comprehension of the intricate interplay between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and allostatic load (AL). The investigation sheds light on how CMV and AL interact within specific demographic contexts, providing valuable insights into the underlying risk factors for CMV infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:52:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a09e68f18da240549c702ab700652638 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:52:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-a09e68f18da240549c702ab7006526382023-11-19T10:15:17ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212023-08-0111310110.3390/diseases11030101The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United StatesMatthew Hill0Sayed Mostafa1Perpetua M. Muganda2Liesl K. Jeffers-Francis3Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi4Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USABackground: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent virus with a worldwide distribution. It typically remains dormant in most individuals until reactivation. Immunocompromised states are known to be potential causes for CMV reactivation. Current research has shown a link in the decline of immigrant health among those living in the US for an extended period, though the impact of CMV on this is not clear. Methods: This study investigated the association between country of birth, duration of US residency, allostatic load, and latent cytomegalovirus infection (CMV IgG) in a sample of US adults aged 20–49. The data utilized for our analysis was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2001 and 2004. Allostatic load, an index measuring the cumulative physiological strain on the body as it strives to regain stability in the presence of chronic stress, provided a valuable approach to assess stress within the context of CMV exposure. Logistic regression modeling was employed to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals for the analysis. The chi-square test of association and Cramer’s V statistic were used to assess the correlation among categorical variables, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied to evaluate the relationship between continuous variables. The results revealed that individuals born outside the US and those with less than 20 years of residency in the US exhibited significantly higher proportions of positive CMV IgG compared to individuals born in the US. Specifically, individuals born outside the US had more than triple the odds of CMV IgG when adjusting for the AL index (OR = 3.69, <i>p</i>-value = 0.0063). A similar trend was observed when examining AL risk based on the duration of US residency. Furthermore, age and sex were identified as significant predictors (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05) of AL risk, considering the individual’s country of birth. In summary, the findings of this study significantly enhance our comprehension of the intricate interplay between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and allostatic load (AL). The investigation sheds light on how CMV and AL interact within specific demographic contexts, providing valuable insights into the underlying risk factors for CMV infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/3/101cytomegalovirusallostatic loadstresscountry of birthlength of time in US |
| spellingShingle | Matthew Hill Sayed Mostafa Perpetua M. Muganda Liesl K. Jeffers-Francis Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States Diseases cytomegalovirus allostatic load stress country of birth length of time in US |
| title | The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States |
| title_full | The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States |
| title_fullStr | The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States |
| title_short | The Association of Cytomegalovirus and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and Length of Time in the United States |
| title_sort | association of cytomegalovirus and allostatic load by country of birth and length of time in the united states |
| topic | cytomegalovirus allostatic load stress country of birth length of time in US |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/3/101 |
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