Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose
Currently, the utilization of lignocellulose mainly focuses on the conversion of polysaccharide components to value-added chemicals, such as ethyl levulinate (EL). Lignin is an important component of lignocellulosic biomass that is often neglected. Herein, ternary polymeric carbon (TPC–S) was synthe...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/7/778 |
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| author | Dayong Yu Xiaofang Liu Hangyu Luo Jinshu Huang Hu Li |
| author_facet | Dayong Yu Xiaofang Liu Hangyu Luo Jinshu Huang Hu Li |
| author_sort | Dayong Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Currently, the utilization of lignocellulose mainly focuses on the conversion of polysaccharide components to value-added chemicals, such as ethyl levulinate (EL). Lignin is an important component of lignocellulosic biomass that is often neglected. Herein, ternary polymeric carbon (TPC–S) was synthesized by polymerization of mixed monomers (4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, and 4-propylphenol) derived from lignin and subsequent sulfonation, which was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transformation of fructose to EL. Through a series of characterization methods, it was illustrated that the prepared catalyst had a layered porous structure. The calculated carbon layer spacing is 0.413 nm, and the average pore size is 5.1 nm. This structure greatly increases the specific surface area (165.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g) of the catalyst, which makes it possible to introduce more –SO<sub>3</sub>H species in the process of sulfonation, thus furnishing EL with increased yield. The effects of reaction temperature, time, catalyst dosage, and fructose initial concentration on the production of EL were investigated. It was found that 70.3% EL yield was detected at 130 °C for 10 h. In addition, the catalyst had good stability and could obtain 65.6% yield of EL in the fourth cycle. The obtained catalyst has the advantages of low cost, easy preparation, and high catalytic efficiency, which is expected to achieve efficient utilization of lignin and provide a potential solution for the future production of EL. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:35:44Z |
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| id | doaj.art-a0b3c18541e440a8b76dd298eb6fb9a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:35:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a0b3c18541e440a8b76dd298eb6fb9a92023-12-03T14:49:11ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442022-07-0112777810.3390/catal12070778Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from FructoseDayong Yu0Xiaofang Liu1Hangyu Luo2Jinshu Huang3Hu Li4Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, ChinaGuizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, ChinaGuizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, ChinaState Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaState Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaCurrently, the utilization of lignocellulose mainly focuses on the conversion of polysaccharide components to value-added chemicals, such as ethyl levulinate (EL). Lignin is an important component of lignocellulosic biomass that is often neglected. Herein, ternary polymeric carbon (TPC–S) was synthesized by polymerization of mixed monomers (4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, and 4-propylphenol) derived from lignin and subsequent sulfonation, which was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transformation of fructose to EL. Through a series of characterization methods, it was illustrated that the prepared catalyst had a layered porous structure. The calculated carbon layer spacing is 0.413 nm, and the average pore size is 5.1 nm. This structure greatly increases the specific surface area (165.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g) of the catalyst, which makes it possible to introduce more –SO<sub>3</sub>H species in the process of sulfonation, thus furnishing EL with increased yield. The effects of reaction temperature, time, catalyst dosage, and fructose initial concentration on the production of EL were investigated. It was found that 70.3% EL yield was detected at 130 °C for 10 h. In addition, the catalyst had good stability and could obtain 65.6% yield of EL in the fourth cycle. The obtained catalyst has the advantages of low cost, easy preparation, and high catalytic efficiency, which is expected to achieve efficient utilization of lignin and provide a potential solution for the future production of EL.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/7/778biomass conversionethyl levulinateligninfructosesulfonation |
| spellingShingle | Dayong Yu Xiaofang Liu Hangyu Luo Jinshu Huang Hu Li Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose Catalysts biomass conversion ethyl levulinate lignin fructose sulfonation |
| title | Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose |
| title_full | Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose |
| title_fullStr | Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose |
| title_short | Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose |
| title_sort | lignin derived ternary polymeric carbon as a green catalyst for ethyl levulinate upgrading from fructose |
| topic | biomass conversion ethyl levulinate lignin fructose sulfonation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/7/778 |
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