A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data
The Loess Plateau (LP) is a typical climate-sensitive and ecologically delicate area in China. Clarifying the vegetation–climate interaction in the LP over 40+ years, particularly pre- and post-Grain to Green Program (GTGP) implementation, is crucial for addressing potential climate threats and achi...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/3/471 |
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| author | Qingyan He Qianhua Yang Shouzheng Jiang Cun Zhan |
| author_facet | Qingyan He Qianhua Yang Shouzheng Jiang Cun Zhan |
| author_sort | Qingyan He |
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| description | The Loess Plateau (LP) is a typical climate-sensitive and ecologically delicate area in China. Clarifying the vegetation–climate interaction in the LP over 40+ years, particularly pre- and post-Grain to Green Program (GTGP) implementation, is crucial for addressing potential climate threats and achieving regional ecological sustainability. Utilizing the kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (<i>kNDVI</i>) and key climatic variables (precipitation (<i>PRE</i>), air temperature (<i>TEM</i>), and solar radiation (<i>SR</i>)) between 1982 and 2022, we performed an extensive examination of vegetation patterns and their reaction to changes in climate using various statistical methods. Our findings highlight a considerable and widespread greening on the LP from 1982 to 2022, evidenced by a <i>kNDVI</i> slope of 0.0020 yr<sup>−1</sup> (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and a 90.9% significantly increased greened area. The GTGP expedited this greening process, with the <i>kNDVI</i> slope increasing from 0.0009 yr<sup>−1</sup> to 0.0036 yr<sup>−1</sup> and the significantly greened area expanding from 39.1% to 84.0%. Over the past 40 years, the LP experienced significant warming (<i>p</i> < 0.001), slight humidification, and a marginal decrease in <i>SR</i>. Post-GTGP implementation, the warming rate decelerated, while <i>PRE</i> and <i>SR</i> growth rates slightly accelerated. Since the hurst index exceeded 0.5, most of the vegetated area of the LP is expected to be greening, warming, and humidification in the future. In the long term, 75% of the LP vegetated area significantly benefited from the increase in <i>PRE</i>, especially in relatively dry environments. In the LP, 61% of vegetated areas showed a positive correlation between <i>kNDVI</i> and <i>TEM</i>, while 4.9% exhibited a significant negative correlation, mainly in arid zones. <i>SR</i> promoted vegetation growth in 23% of the vegetated area, mostly in the eastern LP. The GTGP enhanced the sensitivity of vegetation to <i>PRE</i>, increasing the area corresponding to a significant positive correlation from 15.3% to 59.9%. Overall, <i>PRE</i> has emerged as the dominant climate driver for the vegetation dynamics of the LP, followed by <i>TEM</i> and <i>SR</i>. These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the climate-impact-related vegetation response mechanisms, providing guidance for efforts toward regional sustainable ecological development amid the changing climate. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a0d190170d7349ddababddbed1a2acf72024-03-27T13:41:41ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072024-03-0115347110.3390/f15030471A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index DataQingyan He0Qianhua Yang1Shouzheng Jiang2Cun Zhan3State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaSchool of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 650500, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaThe Loess Plateau (LP) is a typical climate-sensitive and ecologically delicate area in China. Clarifying the vegetation–climate interaction in the LP over 40+ years, particularly pre- and post-Grain to Green Program (GTGP) implementation, is crucial for addressing potential climate threats and achieving regional ecological sustainability. Utilizing the kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (<i>kNDVI</i>) and key climatic variables (precipitation (<i>PRE</i>), air temperature (<i>TEM</i>), and solar radiation (<i>SR</i>)) between 1982 and 2022, we performed an extensive examination of vegetation patterns and their reaction to changes in climate using various statistical methods. Our findings highlight a considerable and widespread greening on the LP from 1982 to 2022, evidenced by a <i>kNDVI</i> slope of 0.0020 yr<sup>−1</sup> (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and a 90.9% significantly increased greened area. The GTGP expedited this greening process, with the <i>kNDVI</i> slope increasing from 0.0009 yr<sup>−1</sup> to 0.0036 yr<sup>−1</sup> and the significantly greened area expanding from 39.1% to 84.0%. Over the past 40 years, the LP experienced significant warming (<i>p</i> < 0.001), slight humidification, and a marginal decrease in <i>SR</i>. Post-GTGP implementation, the warming rate decelerated, while <i>PRE</i> and <i>SR</i> growth rates slightly accelerated. Since the hurst index exceeded 0.5, most of the vegetated area of the LP is expected to be greening, warming, and humidification in the future. In the long term, 75% of the LP vegetated area significantly benefited from the increase in <i>PRE</i>, especially in relatively dry environments. In the LP, 61% of vegetated areas showed a positive correlation between <i>kNDVI</i> and <i>TEM</i>, while 4.9% exhibited a significant negative correlation, mainly in arid zones. <i>SR</i> promoted vegetation growth in 23% of the vegetated area, mostly in the eastern LP. The GTGP enhanced the sensitivity of vegetation to <i>PRE</i>, increasing the area corresponding to a significant positive correlation from 15.3% to 59.9%. Overall, <i>PRE</i> has emerged as the dominant climate driver for the vegetation dynamics of the LP, followed by <i>TEM</i> and <i>SR</i>. These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the climate-impact-related vegetation response mechanisms, providing guidance for efforts toward regional sustainable ecological development amid the changing climate.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/3/471vegetation variation<i>kNDVI</i>climate factorsLoess Plateauclimate zonesGrain to Green Program |
| spellingShingle | Qingyan He Qianhua Yang Shouzheng Jiang Cun Zhan A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data Forests vegetation variation <i>kNDVI</i> climate factors Loess Plateau climate zones Grain to Green Program |
| title | A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau: Insight from Long-Term kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Data |
| title_sort | comprehensive analysis of vegetation dynamics and their response to climate change in the loess plateau insight from long term kernel normalized difference vegetation index data |
| topic | vegetation variation <i>kNDVI</i> climate factors Loess Plateau climate zones Grain to Green Program |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/3/471 |
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