Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.)
Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a major role in plant nitrogen metabolism, but the roles of individual GS isoforms in grains are unknown. Here, the localization and expression of individual TaGS isozymes in wheat grain were probed with TaGS isoenzyme-specific antibodies, and the nitrogen metabolism...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.580405/full |
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| author | Yihao Wei Shuping Xiong Zhiyong Zhang Xiaodan Meng Lulu Wang Xiaojiao Zhang Meiqin Yu Haidong Yu Xiaochun Wang Xiaochun Wang Xinming Ma |
| author_facet | Yihao Wei Shuping Xiong Zhiyong Zhang Xiaodan Meng Lulu Wang Xiaojiao Zhang Meiqin Yu Haidong Yu Xiaochun Wang Xiaochun Wang Xinming Ma |
| author_sort | Yihao Wei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a major role in plant nitrogen metabolism, but the roles of individual GS isoforms in grains are unknown. Here, the localization and expression of individual TaGS isozymes in wheat grain were probed with TaGS isoenzyme-specific antibodies, and the nitrogen metabolism of grain during the grain filling stage were investigated. Immunofluorescence revealed that TaGS1;1, TaGS1;3, and TaGS2 were expressed in different regions of the embryo. In grain transporting tissues, TaGS1;2 was localized in vascular bundle; TaGS1;2 and TaGS1;1 were in chalaza and placentochalaza; TaGS1;1 and TaGS1;3 were in endosperm transfer cells; and TaGS1;3 and TaGS2 were in aleurone layer. GS exhibited maximum activity and expression at 8 days after flowering (DAF) with peak glutamine content in grains; from then, NH4+ increased largely from NO3- reduction, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) aminating activity increased continuously, and the activities of GS and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) decreased, while only TaGS1;3 kept a stable expression in different TaGS isozymes. Hence, GS-GOGAT cycle and GDH play different roles in NH4+ assimilation of grain in different stages of grain development; TaGS1;3, located in aleurone layer and endosperm transfer cells, plays a key role in Gln into endosperm for gluten synthesis. At 30 DAF, grain amino acids are mainly transported from maternal phloem. |
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| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T17:01:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-a0eaaf17b11e43f29a4e7d60fbce82de2022-12-21T18:19:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2021-02-011210.3389/fpls.2021.580405580405Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.)Yihao Wei0Shuping Xiong1Zhiyong Zhang2Xiaodan Meng3Lulu Wang4Xiaojiao Zhang5Meiqin Yu6Haidong Yu7Xiaochun Wang8Xiaochun Wang9Xinming Ma10Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaGlutamine synthetase (GS) plays a major role in plant nitrogen metabolism, but the roles of individual GS isoforms in grains are unknown. Here, the localization and expression of individual TaGS isozymes in wheat grain were probed with TaGS isoenzyme-specific antibodies, and the nitrogen metabolism of grain during the grain filling stage were investigated. Immunofluorescence revealed that TaGS1;1, TaGS1;3, and TaGS2 were expressed in different regions of the embryo. In grain transporting tissues, TaGS1;2 was localized in vascular bundle; TaGS1;2 and TaGS1;1 were in chalaza and placentochalaza; TaGS1;1 and TaGS1;3 were in endosperm transfer cells; and TaGS1;3 and TaGS2 were in aleurone layer. GS exhibited maximum activity and expression at 8 days after flowering (DAF) with peak glutamine content in grains; from then, NH4+ increased largely from NO3- reduction, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) aminating activity increased continuously, and the activities of GS and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) decreased, while only TaGS1;3 kept a stable expression in different TaGS isozymes. Hence, GS-GOGAT cycle and GDH play different roles in NH4+ assimilation of grain in different stages of grain development; TaGS1;3, located in aleurone layer and endosperm transfer cells, plays a key role in Gln into endosperm for gluten synthesis. At 30 DAF, grain amino acids are mainly transported from maternal phloem.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.580405/fullglutamine synthetaselocalizationnitrogenglutamate dehydrogenasewheatgrain |
| spellingShingle | Yihao Wei Shuping Xiong Zhiyong Zhang Xiaodan Meng Lulu Wang Xiaojiao Zhang Meiqin Yu Haidong Yu Xiaochun Wang Xiaochun Wang Xinming Ma Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.) Frontiers in Plant Science glutamine synthetase localization nitrogen glutamate dehydrogenase wheat grain |
| title | Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.) |
| title_full | Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.) |
| title_fullStr | Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.) |
| title_short | Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum L.) |
| title_sort | localization gene expression and functions of glutamine synthetase isozymes in wheat grain triticum aestivum l |
| topic | glutamine synthetase localization nitrogen glutamate dehydrogenase wheat grain |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.580405/full |
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