Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
Background: The discrepancy among the in vivo results found in the literature regarding graphene’s side effects led us to conduct an in vivo study with graphene. Methods: In vivo tests involving intraperitoneal inoculation of graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets in rats were carried out to assess...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/8/2898 |
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| author | Soledad Aguado-Henche María Lorenza Escudero María Cristina García-Alonso Rosa María Lozano-Puerto Celia Clemente de Arriba |
| author_facet | Soledad Aguado-Henche María Lorenza Escudero María Cristina García-Alonso Rosa María Lozano-Puerto Celia Clemente de Arriba |
| author_sort | Soledad Aguado-Henche |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The discrepancy among the in vivo results found in the literature regarding graphene’s side effects led us to conduct an in vivo study with graphene. Methods: In vivo tests involving intraperitoneal inoculation of graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets in rats were carried out to assess potential changes in the blood and organs after 15 and 30 days. Graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets at a concentration of 4 mg per kilogram were suspended in an aqueous solution of 0.9% NaCl at a 1:1 proportion (graphene or graphene oxide), i.e., 1 mg/mL. Results: Optical microscopy of liver, kidney, spleen, and lung tissues revealed no visible histological changes. However, particle traces were found in the peritoneal cavity. Thirty days after inoculation, blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. The blood analysis showed changes indicating a hepatic inflammatory process. Hematological changes after 30 days consisted of alterations to the red series, including microcytosis or higher mean hemoglobin concentrations. In addition, changes in prothrombin and thromboplastin caused longer coagulation times. Conclusion: This study contributes to further clarifying the possible toxicity of graphene and its potential biomedical applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a107eb2115cf4c1590a8bbb3b8e39282 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-a107eb2115cf4c1590a8bbb3b8e392822023-11-30T21:28:27ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-04-01158289810.3390/ma15082898Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene OxideSoledad Aguado-Henche0María Lorenza Escudero1María Cristina García-Alonso2Rosa María Lozano-Puerto3Celia Clemente de Arriba4Department of Surgery-Anatomy and Social Sciences, University of Alcalá (UAH), Ctra. Mad-Barc Km 33,600, Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcala de Henares, SpainDepartment of Surface Engineering, Corrosion and Durability, National Center for Metallurgical Research (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, CENIM-CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Surface Engineering, Corrosion and Durability, National Center for Metallurgical Research (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, CENIM-CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, SpainCell-Biomaterial Recognition Laboratory, “Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas (CIB-MS-CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology”, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Surgery-Anatomy and Social Sciences, University of Alcalá (UAH), Ctra. Mad-Barc Km 33,600, Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcala de Henares, SpainBackground: The discrepancy among the in vivo results found in the literature regarding graphene’s side effects led us to conduct an in vivo study with graphene. Methods: In vivo tests involving intraperitoneal inoculation of graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets in rats were carried out to assess potential changes in the blood and organs after 15 and 30 days. Graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets at a concentration of 4 mg per kilogram were suspended in an aqueous solution of 0.9% NaCl at a 1:1 proportion (graphene or graphene oxide), i.e., 1 mg/mL. Results: Optical microscopy of liver, kidney, spleen, and lung tissues revealed no visible histological changes. However, particle traces were found in the peritoneal cavity. Thirty days after inoculation, blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. The blood analysis showed changes indicating a hepatic inflammatory process. Hematological changes after 30 days consisted of alterations to the red series, including microcytosis or higher mean hemoglobin concentrations. In addition, changes in prothrombin and thromboplastin caused longer coagulation times. Conclusion: This study contributes to further clarifying the possible toxicity of graphene and its potential biomedical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/8/2898graphenegraphene oxideratsblood and organstoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Soledad Aguado-Henche María Lorenza Escudero María Cristina García-Alonso Rosa María Lozano-Puerto Celia Clemente de Arriba Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Materials graphene graphene oxide rats blood and organs toxicity |
| title | Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide |
| title_full | Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide |
| title_fullStr | Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide |
| title_short | Biological Responses in the Blood and Organs of Rats to Intraperitoneal Inoculation of Graphene and Graphene Oxide |
| title_sort | biological responses in the blood and organs of rats to intraperitoneal inoculation of graphene and graphene oxide |
| topic | graphene graphene oxide rats blood and organs toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/8/2898 |
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